Flora of Mount Desert Island, Maine : a preliminary catalogue of the plants growing on Mount Desert and the adjacent islands

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GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY,

Botanic^ Garden, Cambridge, Mass.

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THE LuESTHER T. MERTZ LIBRARY
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

TH£ LUL::i i nt:K T. MERTZ LlBi^ARY

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDB^
flora of iHount jBtmt 31?^lanti, jmatne.

A

PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE

OF THE

PLANTS GROWING ON MOUNT DESERT

AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS.

BY

EDWARD L. RAND and JOHN H. REDFIELD.

WHiti} a (Sfological 31ncroDuction

By WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS,
AND A NEW MAP OF MOUNT DESERT ISLAND.

CAMBRIDGE:
JOHN WILSON AND SON.

1894.

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CONTENTS.

Faok

PREFACE 7

GENERAL OUTLINE OF PLAN OF CATALOGUE.

L Indigenous Plants . 13

11. Introduced Plants 13

III. Synonyms 14

IV. Arrangement and Nomenclature 14

V. Citation of Authors 15

VI. Forms 15

VII. Terms denoting Relative Occurrence .... 16

VIII. Plants not represented in the Herbarium . 16

IX. Abbreviations 17

X. Geographical Nomenclature 17

INTRODUCTION.

I. Mount Desert and its Flora 19

II. The Map of Mount Desert Island 28

List of Corrections 31

III. Botanical Nomenclature of the Catalogue . . 32

OUTLINE OF THE GEOLOGY OF MOUNT DESERT.

Introduction 43

The Granite Belt 46

The Pre-Granitic Rocks 51

The Post-Granitic Rocks 55

The Great Denudation 56

The Glacial Invasion 63

Postglacial History 67

6 CONTENTS.

FLORA: CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.

PHANEROGAMIA, OR FLOWERING PLANTS.

dicotyledonks, or exogenous plants 75

AngiospermejE : Polypetal^e 75

Gamopetal^e 107

Apetal^ 139

Gymnosperme^ 149

monocotyledones, or endogenous plants 150

CRYPTOGAMIA, OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

Pteridophyta 184

Bryophyta 190

Musci 190

HEPATICiE 219

Thallophyta 227

Charace^ 227

Alg^ 227

Lichenes 250

SUMMARY 275

APPENDIX. — List of Excluded Species 277

INDEX 281

PREFACE.

THE territory covered by this Catalogue of Plants
comprises the Island of Mount Desert and the ad-
joining islands, the more important of which are the
Cranberry Isles, Bartlett Island, Thompson Island, and the
Porcupine Islands. The Duck Islands, lying some miles
seaward southerly from the Cranberry Isles, are also in-
cluded for convenience, although having no close con-
nection geographically with the rest of the territory.
Politically it comprises the towns of Eden, Mount Desert,
Tremont, Cranberry Isles, a small part of Trenton, and a
part of Long Island Plantation, in which the Duck Isl-
ands are included. All of this territory, with the ex-
ception of the Duck Islands, is shown on the map that
has been prepared to accompany this Catalogue.

In 1880 the Champlain Society, an association of college
students formed for the purpose of field work and study
in various branches of natural science, established its
camp on the shores of Somes Sound at Wasgatt Cove,
Mount Desert Island. This Catalogue of Plants repre-
sents the final results of work begun by its botanical
department, while the introductory article on the Ge-
ology of Mount Desert represents the work of its geo-
logical department. Two years later one of the authors,
John H. Redfield, began independent investigation of

8 PREFACE.

the Island flora. In 1888 the Champlain Society allowed
its botanical work to pass into the hands of the other
author, Edward L. Rand, who, however, had been con-
nected with the work from its beginning. Soon after-
wards the authors consolidated the results of all the
botanical work on the Island, so far as they were able,
and henceforth carried on the work together, with such
assistance as could be procured from other botanists.
Although more or less incomplete, and somewhat hastily
prepared, this Catalogue is now presented, at the request
of many interested in the subject, as a preliminary con-
tribution to a Flora of Mount Desert Island. This is
done with the hope that it may serve as a means of excit-
ing interest in the undertaking, and thus make possible
a more complete catalogue in the near future.

So far as the study of its flora is concerned. Mount De-
sert has no history. We are told by the early explorers
that wild roses and beach peas were abundant, and that
is all. No botanists native to the Island — if any there
were or are — have given us information as to its plants.
All such information has come from such botanists as have
chanced to go there from a distance, usually during the
summer months only. Even of these the known list is
not long, and only few antedate the beginning of syste-
matic work in 1880. It has, furthermore, been extremely
difficult to discover the names of these botanists, and to
consult their notes and collections, although the authors
have endeavored in many ways to accomplish this. The
result naturally has been far from satisfactory. In spite
of all these discouragements, however, the work on the
Flora has been carried on with perseverance. It is now
hoped that from the very fact of the publication of pres-
ent results help may be obtained for the future that other-

PREFACE. 9

wise would have been locked up in the herbaria and
note-books of unknown workers in the same territory.

Specimens of every plant in this list, with very few
exceptions, will be found preserved in the Mount Desert
Herbarium, at present kept in Cambridge, Mass. These
exceptions, most of which are either Algae or Lichens,
are denoted by an asterisk prefixed to the name of the
species. For specimens of plants thus marked, as well as
for other plants from collectors now unrepresented, we
shall be most grateful. ^ The Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences, furthermore, has an almost complete
duplicate set of the Phanerogams and Pteridophyta ; and
Dr. Carl Warnstorf of Neuruppin, Germany, has a dupli-
cate set of the Sphagna. Duplicates from the Herbarium
have also been distributed among various public and pri-
vate herbaria of the country.

Much care has been taken to make the Catalogue reli-
able. Yery few plants have been admitted to the list
except on the authority of an undoubted specimen, and in
every case of exception only on a positive affirmation by a
specialist or other botanist of high repute as to the
authenticity and identity of the lost specimen. More-
over, we have had the kind assistance of many of the
leading botanists of the country in the determination of
specimens in difficult families and genera, and in cases
of doubtful determination, as well as in the criticism and
correction of our manuscript. Prof. L. H. Bailey has
given his help in Carex and Rubus ; Mr. M. S. Bebb, in
Salix; Prof. William Trelease, in Rumex and Epilobium;
Dr. Thomas C. Porter, in Solidago, Aster, and Mentha;

^ Any correspondence relating to the Flora may be addressed to Edward
L. Rand, 740 Exchange Building, Boston, Mass., or to John H. Redfield, 216
West Logan Square, Philadelphia, Penn.

10 PREFACE.

Mr. John K. Small, in Polygonum; Prof. F. Lamson
Scribner, in Graminege ; Dr. L. M. Underwood, in Isoetes
and in Hepaticse; Mr. George E. Davenport, in Filices;
Dr. T. F. Allen, in Characeae; Messrs. Frank S. Collins
and Isaac Holden, in Algae ; Dr. Carl Warnstorf, Prof. D.
C. Eaton, and Mr. Edwin Faxon, in Sphagnum ; Mrs.
E. G. Britton and Dr. Charles R. Barnes, in the other
Mosses; Dr. J. W. Eckfeldt, Miss Mary L. Wilson, and
Miss Clara E. Cummings, in Lichenes; and Dr. B. L.
Robinson, Dr. N. L. Britton, Dr. Thomas Morong, Mr.
Walter Deane, and Mr. M. L. Fernald, in various other
determinations. The article on the Geology of Mount
Desert has been kindly contributed by Prof. William M.
Davis, of Harvard College. To these and to all others
who have done so much to add to the value and accuracy
of this Catalogue, to the various collectors whose names
appear therein, and to President Charles W. Eliot of
Harvard University, through whose interest and kindness
the publication of our work has been made possible, we
extend our sincere thanks.

Acknowledging, as we have at the outset, the incom-
pleteness of this Catalogue in many of its divisions, we
issue it at the present time to assist those interested in
the plants of the Island to the acquirement of a better
knowledge of its flora. With this end in view, therefore,
it has seemed well to include, for the benefit of specialists,
even manifestly incomplete lists of some of the Crypto-
gams. The list of Vascular Cryptogams (Pteridophyta),
the Ferns and their allies, is fairly complete ; the lists of
Mosses and Liverworts are well advancing towards com-
pletion, and the same is true of the lists of Lichens and of
the marine Algae. Very little work, however, has been
done thus far in the collection and determination of the

PREFACE. 11

fresh-water Algae and the Fungi, and it has seemed better
for the present to omit the latter altogether from this
Catalogue. It is hoped that in the near future more
attention may be given to increasing in a marked degree
our knowledge of this part of the Island flora.

July 1st, 1894.

GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE PLAN OF THE
CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.

I. The names of plants supposed to be indigenous to North
America are printed in heavy broad-face type. " Indigenous "
is but a relative term, and can hardly be employed with any
accuracy, even in its commonly accepted sense, in connection
with the flora of a comparatively small territory, without a
very definite knowledge of the facts of local plant introduction
and distribution. A list of Mount Desert plants pretending
to show the plants "indigenous" to the Island would contain
mere guesswork in many cases, and would only lead to much
confusion. It has therefore been thought better to draw the
distinction between plants indigenous to the continent and
those evidently foreign to it, and to add such notes as may
seem of value relating to the introduction within our territorial
limits, on the one hand, of North American species, and, on the
other, of species from other continents.

II. The names of plants believed to be introduced into
North America are printed in small capitals. It is to be
understood that in nearly every case such plants have been,
so far as known, indirectly introduced through other parts
of this continent into Mount Desert Island. There is very
little of that evidence of direct introduction of any of these
plants which is so common about seaports where there is
direct communication with foreign countries. This class of
plants includes both those that are fully naturalized and those
which as yet are only adventive or well established garden
escapes. For reasons already given, it will be seen that there
are no ballast plants to be catalogued.

14 PLAN OF THE CATALOGUE.

III. Synonyms are printed in Italics.

IV. The principle underlying the arrangement and nomen-
clature of the Catalogue is a very simple one, more practical
than theoretical. It is this : to follow in these respects some
manual or other work of high authority, regardless of any
fancy or preference of the authors. It seems hardly necessary
to state to any one of practical experience, that the office of a
local Flora, or of any similar work designed fully as much for
the public generally as for scientists, is not to serve as a nomen-
clator, or to present an opportunity for the author to display his
fads to his own satisfaction and the confusion of the reader,
but rather to be a help and an aid to a better knowledge
of the plants of any given region. Unless descriptions are
added, so that such a catalogue is in reality a manual in itself,
reference must be made to some well known work or handbook.
Such being the case, the authors have felt obliged to adopt
some such standard as a guide and basis for the arrangement
and nomenclature of the Catalogue,^ giving only such synonyms
as in their judgment may serve some useful purpose of identifi-
cation or of information, and making such corrections only as
do not interfere with the system of the guide adopted.

In nomenclature and arrangement, the sixth (revised) edition
of Graj'^'s Manual by Watson and Coulter is followed for the
Phanerogams (Flowering Plants) ; for the Pteridophyta (Vascu-
lar Cryptogams), and for the Hepaticae. Dr. Carl Warnstorf's
articles on the North American Sphagna, in Vol. XV. (1890)
of the Botanical Gazette, are mainly followed for Sphagnum;
while Lesquereux and James's "Mosses of North America" is
followed for the remainder of the Mosses. Tuckerman's works
are followed as far as possible for the Lichens, and Farlow's
"Marine Algae of New England," with some marked changes

1 As, however, the subject of botanical nomenclature has been given
undue prominence of late by some of our American botanists among others,
it has seemed better to the authors to discuss this subject at more length in
the Introduction. Had this not been done, it might be asked why the
rules of the so called Rochester and Madison Codes were not followed
as a standard, — an intentional omission for which there is more than ample
justification.

PLAN OF THE CATALOGUE. 15

in classification, arrangement, and nomenclature, for the marine
Algae. ^ In every case where descriptions of genera or species
found at Mount Desert do not appear for any reason in these
works, the authors have tried to give them in the Catalogue,
hoping thereby to render unnecessary any reference to works or
articles not readily accessible. It is believed that our plan has
been adopted throughout with some slight exceptions, most of
which need no explanation.

V. It has, however, been thought well to adopt throughout
the Catalogue the parenthetical citation of the original au-
thor of the specific or varietal name, a method already long
adopted by cryptogamic botanists. Thus Coptis trifolia, the
common Goldthread, was described in 1753 by Linnaeus under
the name of Hellehorus trifollus. In 1798, Salisbury consid-
ered that the plant showed well marked generic differences, and
assigned it to a new genus, Cojitis. Our plant therefore bears
the binomial, Cojitis trifolia (L.), Salisb. It must be borne in
mind, however, that the author cited in parentheses is cited
only for the specific or the varietal name in the binominal, as
the case may be, and is connected with that alone, and not with
the binominal itself. To the binominal, the name of the
author not cited in parentheses alone applies. If these dis- C/
tinctions be remembered, many of the objections that have

been so forcibly urged against this method of citation seem to
lose their weight.

VI. The term <'form" — forma — has been used for the
sake of convenience to indicate slight physiological or struc-
tural variations seeming of hardly enough importance to mark
a good variety, much less a species, and yet worthy of some
notice, perhaps of future study. Allowance once rightly made
for variation in nature, it becomes a very complex and difficult
matter to decide what is a species, what a variety, what a
form, what a variation. Without discussion of the subject, it
may be said that it has seemed best to recognize as forms sub-
stantially the same variations that are indicated by Dr. N. L.

1 Siee introductory note to the list of Algas for a fuller statement of the
plan adopted.

16 PLAN OF THE CATALOGUE.

Britton in his article '*0n the Naming of 'Forms' in the
New Jersey Catalogue." ^ It is not thought well, however, to
attach the name of any author to these so called forms, as the
line between a form and a mere variation is generally too
shadowy to call for the exercise of any judgment worthy of
recognition in the decision that one variation or another should
be dignified by the term forma. Forms should bear names for
the sake of convenience, and if properly named; that name
should be preserved to avoid confusion, if the form proves after
investigation to be a well defined variety. In such a case, how-
ever, to cite the author of the name in parentheses seems to
savor more of affectation than of common sense or utility, and
if so, why mention the author of a form at all? A line must
be drawn somewhere to check the increasing tendency to self-
glorification that can at present be so easily gratified on the
part of the amateur as well as of the professional botanist. In
this Catalogue, therefore, as has been stated, no authors are
cited for the names of mere forms. Should, however, any one
desire to know them, a goodly number may be found in Dr.
Britton's article just referred to.

VII. The usual terms common, uncommon, freq^ient, infre-
quent, occasional, rare, etc., are used to denote the relative
occurrence of the different plants. It must be remembered,
however, that these terms apply only to a plant in its proper
habitat. Because a seashore plant is "common," no one should
expect to find it on the mountains ! Where few stations are
given for any plant, it does not necessarily follow that it does
not occur elsewhere. New stations are likely to be reported
at any time for nearly all such plants. It merely indicates,
therefore, that thus far collectors have not been successful
in detecting any very general distribution of the plant in
question.

VIII. An asterisk prefixed to names of plants indicates that
a specimen of the plant in question is not to be found in the
Mount Desert Herbarium at the present time, although the
occurrence of the plant within the territorial limits is un-
doubted.

1 See Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xvii. 121.

PLAN OF THE CATALOGUE. 17

IX. The abbreviations xised for names of authors will be
found in Gray's Manual, Gray's Structural Botany, or in Brit-
ton's Catalogue of New Jersey Plants. Other abbreviations
either require no explanation, or may be found in any manual
or text-book. The abbreviation " R. & E., " as may be readily
supposed, refers to the authors of this Catalogue.

X. The geographical nomenclature follows that of the map
of Mount Desert Island published in June, 1893, to accompany
this work. Its nomenclature is based on certain universal and
well recognized laws of nomenclature, among the chief of which
are the regard for priority, for firmly established custom, for
good taste, and for avoidance of unnecessary confusion. The
rules adopted by the U. S, Board on Geographic Names have
been followed as far as possible as to form, in order to secure
conformity with the Coast Survey Charts and other govern-
ment publications. Of the changes caused by these rules, the
only one that is likely to be commonly noticed is the avoid-
ance of the possessive whenever this can be done without de-
stroying the euphony of the name or changing the descriptive
application. In applying this rule, therefore, the possessive s
has been retained only where it appeared to be necessary for
euphony or to avoid misunderstanding, usually where the name
is a Christian name, and sometimes where for special reasons or
on account of peculiar usage it seemed impracticable to do
otherwise. In all cases, however, where the possessive s is
retained, the possessive apostrophe has been dropped, since the
word should no longer be considered as possessive in sense, but
as a word in itself.

INTKODUCTION.

I. Mount Desert and its Flora.

MOUNT DESERT ISLAND, called by the Indians
Pemetic, lies about one hundred and ten miles
east of Portland, on the coast of Maine, and less than half
that distance from Rockland on the western shore of
Penobscot Bay. Its coast is washed by the Atlantic Ocean
on the south, by Blue Hill Bay and its tributaries on the
west, and by Frenchman Bay and its tributaries on the east
and north. On the northwest Mt. Desert Narrows, a shallow
strait connecting the waters of these two bays, is crossed
by means of two bridges, connecting Thompson Island with
the mainland on the north, and with Mt. Desert Island
on the south. The area of the Island may be estimated
at about one hundred square miles; its greatest length
being about fifteen miles, from Hadley Point in Eden on
the north to Bass Harbor Head in Tremont on the south ;
its greatest breadth, about twelve miles, from Great
Head in Eden on the east to The Cape in Tremont on
the west. The coast line, especially of the southern and
western shores, is extremely irregular. Up the centre of
the Island for fully half its length from north to south,
through the mountain range, passes the fiord of Somes
Sound (or " The River "), a deep arm of the sea, dividing
the Island into two almost equal sections. Across the

20 INTRODUCTION.

centre from Western Mt. on the west to Newport Mt. on
the east stretches the granitic range of mountains that
has given Mt. Desert its name, rising almost from the
sea to heights varying from about three hundred to over
fifteen hundred feet. Towards the north the ground slopes
to the farming lands of Eden and the great meadow of
the Northeast Creek, and towards the southwest to the
meadows of Marsh Creek, to Great Heath and the boggy
wilderness below the Hio. Between the peaks of the
granitic range lie deep valleys, filled either by an arm of
the sea, as Somes Sound, or by a lake or pond of more or
less magnitude. These are mountain ponds for the
most part, many of them of great depth, with rocky
shores broken by stretches of sand or gravel beaches.
None of the streams are of much size, and the regularity
even of their natural flow has been greatly diminished by
the wanton destruction of the woods about their water
sheds. 1

All of these facts, however, are much better explained
by the map itself, and by the article on the geology of
the Island by Professor Davis, kindly contributed by
him for this very purpose. It is better, therefore, in this
place to make no more than the most general statements
in regard to the topography. Neither is it well to attempt
any detailed description of the flora in its relations to
these physical and geological characteristics, for as yet
the evidence seems too fragmentary and disconnected to
prove facts of much value. A few brief statements of a
very general nature, illustrated by a few examples, may
however be of interest to the botanist.

One of the most marked characteristics of the Isl-
and flora is its not only strongly northern, but arctic

1 See " The Woods of Mt. Desert Island," Garden and Forest, II. 483.

INTRODUCTION. 21

character.^ On its coast, enveloped in cold fogs and
washed by waters chilled by the arctic cur/rent, it is
no wonder that arctic plants like Montia fontana and
Stellaria humifusa should find a congenial home. More-
over, this character of the flora is shown by the fact that,
with one exception, Lycopodium Selago, the mountain
plants descend to the sea level. Neither on the one hand
is the altitude of the mountain summits sufiicient to
develop an alpine flora, nor on the other hand is the
warmth and general character of the lowlands sufficient
to bring many of the plants of the middle temperate region
thus far up the coast of Maine. The flora, then, may be
said to be essentially Canadian, having close relations
with the very similar flora of New Brunswick. It also
shows, apart from its maritime character, many points of
resemblance to the general flora of the White Mountain
region. It is in its special problems, however, that
plant distribution becomes of great interest at Mt. Desert,
and it may be well, therefore, to consider a few cases by
way of illustration.

The return of vegetable life after the glacial period
must have taken place along somewhat more contracted
lines than are shown to-day. Mt. Desert was then, as
now, isolated from the mainland, but was without doubt
in a state of greater submergence. It is therefore natural
that there should exist in abundance on the mainland
many plants that are not found at all on the Island, or
are found there only very rarely. The water on the
north of the Island is not of great extent or dej^th at
present, yet it appears that some plants, especially those
with seeds not easily transported by ordinary means, have

1 About two hundred and thirty of the flowering plants of Mt. Desert
are common to the arctic flora.

22 INTRODUCTION.

always found difficulty in crossing it from the mainland.
This difficulty has had its effect in decreasing the Island
flora.

Again, in the development of their flora the Cranberry
Isles have shown some peculiarities. These islands, once
doubtless a part of Mt. Desert, and through it connected
with the mainland, were later submerged, and then ele-
vated again to develop their flora independently of Mt.
Desert, except so far as the flora of the smaller area
came from that of the greater, then doubtless more
advanced in the renewal of its vegetation, owing to
its greater altitude and consequent earlier elevation.
That there was some independent development is well
shown by the fact that between the Cranberry Isles and
the adjacent portion of Mt. Desert about the Sea Wall
there exist some remarkable differences in the flora, as
well as some strong points of union. Under almost pre-
cisely the same conditions, we find Corema near the Sea
"Wall, but not on the Cranberry Isles; we find Montia,
Stellaria humifusa, and Ruhus Ohamcemorus on the Cran-
berry Isles, but not on Mt. Desert ; we find Symplocarpus
foetidus and Hippuris vulgaris on the Cranberry Isles and
also on Mt. Desert, but at the Sea Wall alone. Such
evidence as this may point to the introduction of certain
plants on Mt. Desert by way of the Cranberry Isles, while
on the other hand doubtless most of the plants of the
Cranberry Isles came from Mt, Desert.

It is certainly far from improbable that the more
northern plants came to the Cranberry Isles by sea, either
from the north in later times, or from the south when
these islands first appeared above the sea at the conclusion
of the glacial period. If from the north, there would be
little opportunity for colonization on the rocky eastern and

INTRODUCTION. 23

southeastern coasts of Mt. Desert, — an opportunity, how-
ever, which would readily be presented on the low shores,
and in the coast marshes and lagoons of the Cranberry
Isles. Yet it would seem improbable that all these plants
reached the Cranberry Isles only. Montia has been found
also on the Duck Islands, and might likewise, and as
readily, be carried by ocean currents farther on, at least to
the westward adjoining shores of Mt. Desert. There in
the southwestern part of the Island similar conditions
existed for the colonization of these plants as on the Cran-
berry Isles, yet in fact they do not appear, so far as known.
If, on the other hand, they came from the south, remain-
ing behind in the progress of plant life northward after
the glacial period, and finding here favorable surroundings
for their existence, all the more we should expect to find
these plants also in the southwestern projection of Mt.
Desert Island. Here the land would be reached earlier
in the northward march, and would be found to present
the same conditions of soil and of general physical char-
acter as the Cranberry Isles. As, however, none of these
peculiar plants except Symploearpus and Hippuris appear
even on this part of Mt. Desert, the evidence at present
seems in favor of a later migration from the north, rather
than of the much earlier introduction from the south.
The whole subject is one of great interest, and will repay
careful study.

Another interesting feature of the Mt. Desert flora is
shown by the comparatively small representation of in-
troduced foreign plants, especially of weeds of cultivated
ground. Excluding garden escapes and a few plants
naturalized by intentional introduction, we find that the
number of weeds is very small in comparison with that
of similar areas in New England. The reason is a very

24 INTRODUCTION.

simple one, — the slight development of the Island for
agricultural purposes, — an explanation that is fully sus-
tained by the facts.

In earlier times very little attention was paid to farm-
ing, doubtless because the physical character of the Island
is not of a nature favoring agriculture except under
limited or somewhat expensive conditions. The surface
is mostly mountainous or rocky, the soil is usually thin
and poor, and has often disappeared as a covering, — a
result of reckless wood cutting and of the consequent
forest fires. Taken as a whole, the north of the Island
contains the best farming land ; the south, for the most
part, is too near the dominant granitic range to furnish
deep soil or level ground save under exceptional condi-
tions. Moreover, under these unfavorable conditions
there was nothing to encourage farming as a means of
support, for there was no market for garden products.
It is not strange, therefore, that fishing, lumbering, ship-
building, and other pursuits, were the more profitable
employments of the early settlers. All agricultural
operations were conducted on a very limited scale, and
for the most part involved nothing more than the cultiva-
tion of small vegetable patches for home purposes. These
patches were seldom well cared for, and were rarely culti-
vated in the same spot for more than a year at a time.
Of late years, however, it has been found profitable by
many landowners to raise vegetables to supply the sum-
mer demand at Bar Harbor and the other summer resorts
of the Island. Consequently there has been more sys-
tematic cultivation of the ground both for agricultural
and for horticultural purposes.

In the earlier days of the settlement of the Island,
therefore, we should expect to find few of those weeds that

INTRODUCTION. 25

constantly need the aid of man to secure and maintain a
foothold. Such is the case. The weeds of those days
were obliged to adapt themselves to the most hostile
conditions. If they could not do this, they lingered on
year by year wherever they could maintain a foothold,
and then almost disappeared from the flora of the Island.
Consequently these weeds were largely of native origin,
and not many in number.

But within a few years a new state of things has arisen.
Not only have the old weeds been gaining a stronger and
stronger foothold, but additions to the list are reported
every year, chiefly at Bar Harbor or in its neighborhood,
whence they spread to other parts of the Island. Only a
few years ago such common weeds as Portulaca oleracea,
Amarantus retroflexus and A. albus, Medicago lupulina,
Lepidium Virginicum.^ Mollugo verticillata, and Plantago
lanceolata were either unknown or so rare that it was diffi-
cult even to secure specimens of them. They are now
becoming more and more common, and appearing slowl}'
but surely throughout Mt. Desert. Some of these obtain
their foothold through cultivation of the soil, and all seem
to come, as many people do, because it is the fashion,
taking advantage of the increased means of introduction
afforded by the importation of foreign seed, of foreign
soil with other plants, of hay, and of the various other
methods by which weeds travel about from place to place.

This explanation, it is hoped, will show why so many
of the common weeds find no place in this Catalogue. It
also shows that at any time such additions to the flora
are likely to be reported by any botanist who happens to
examine the waste and cultivated grounds and the way-
sides of the constantly growing villages and settlements.
Of these newcomers it will be well to ascertain and note
carefully the date of introduction.

26 INTRODUCTION.

It is interesting also to notice what does not appear, as
well as what does appear in this Catalogue. It was once
said, indeed, that the flora of Mt. Desert was more
remarkable for what it did not include than for what it
did, — a statement that our present knowledge of the
flora hardly seems to justify Yet there are many impor-
tant gaps in the Catalogue that it is hard to account for in
any satisfactory manner. Its can only be said tha,t for
some reason or other these missing plants do not occur on
this part of the coast, or, in cases where they do occur on
the adjacent mainland, that they never were able to cross
the water to Mt. Desert Island. It is certain that the
latitude is not the cause, for these plants are found much
farther north. Doubtless the cold east winds and the sea
fogs may have driven back many plants trying to effect a
lodgment here ; but in that case there should be a marked
difference between the flora of the exposed southern and
eastern coasts, and that of the northwestern, central, and
northern parts of the Island. A study of the Catalogue
will show that there is some such difference, but not so
marked, we think, that it can be relied on as evidence to
any very great extent. It proves, however, that no one
can be well acquainted with the flora until he has studied
carefully the plants of the country lying north of the main
granitic belt, as well as those of the better known and
more frequented parts of the Island. .r

It may be interesting to mention some cases of these
missing plants. The Pulse Family, Leguminosce, will fur-
nish a striking instance. The Catalogue shows that the
Island flora contains only eighteen species, representing
eight genera, obviously a very insufficient representation
when we consider that shown by many points farther north
with otherwise much the same flora. Of these species, ten

INTRODUCTION. 27

are naturalized on this continent from Europe; two are
introduced from other parts of North America ; two more,
as appears from circumstantial evidence, may also have
been so introduced; leaving only four species that are
indigenous in the common sense. This would seem to
prove that at Mt. Desert there was some obstacle besides
climate which leguminous plants found it difficult to
surmount. That it is not some hostile condition at the
present time appears from the fact that when northern
species of this family are introduced on the Island they
flourish as well there as elsewhere.

Further instances are the genera Asclepias and Gen-
tiana, and many others, — of which no representative
whatever is found, — and a number of species belonging
to different genera, which are found northward on the
mainland, but not on Mt. Desert. It may be that some
day many of these missing plants will reach the Island,
but at present their absence seems as unmistakable as
it is unaccountable.

For its disappointments, however, the flora makes am-
ple compensation. For so limited and circumscribed an
area our territory possesses many plants interesting to
any lover of our New England flora, and has contributed
some forms that are of interest to the general botanist as
well. Even its most common flowers take new and unex-
pected deepness of color from the cool sea air, and are a
constant delight both to botanist and mere flower-lover.
Our work has been a labor of love, the fruit of happy days,
and the source of pleasant memories. If this Catalogue
proves a help to those for whom it is intended, and en-
ables them to share the pleasure we have gained on this
wonderful island of Mt. Desert, we shall be more than
satisfied.

28 INTRODUCTION.

11. The Map of Mount Desert Island.

Some years ago it became very evident that there was
to be great difficulty in properly indicating stations for
the various Island plants needing such limitation. While
it was necessary in some cases to make the station some-
what indefinite in description in order to guard against
extermination on the one hand by the flower-puller and
the plant-digger, and on the other by the over-zealous
botanist, yet it was necessary in all cases to give a name
to the station that should be both accurate and well
known as a matter of geographical nomenclature. To
some it may seem that this involved merely a reference
to any map of the Island to ascertain the necessary
information, but this was a solution of only a portion of
the difficulty. In the first place the two maps most
readily consulted, the Land Map of Colby and Stuart and
the Coast Survey Map, pay very little attention to the
names of the points of minor interest on the Island. As
such points are often of the greatest botanical interest,
and must be referred to, it was clear that the present
maps would not be of much assistance in these cases. In
the second place, the geographical nomenclature employed
on the Coast Survey Map, and followed in some degree
on the Land Map, is often, we regret to say, absolu+^sly
erroneous. In many a case, indeed, there is no explana-
tion whatever to account for the blunders, except that the
officers in charge of the work must have coined names for
their own use, regardless or in ignorance of the fact that
there might be names already attached to the places in
question. In other cases, by some curious mistake, names
have been carelessly transposed and interchanged. The

INTRODUCTION. 29

natural result of all these errors was to establish two
sets of names, one known to those acquainted only with
the maps, the other to those who either lived on the
Island, or knew the Island independently of map knowl-
edge. Furthermore, the matter of nomenclature was
much complicated by the insufferable tendency of sum-
mer visitors to give new names, often showing the worst
possible taste, to any natural feature that might happen
to attract their attention. Such names deserve preser-
vation only in rare cases, and should not be tolerated
for a moment unless by lapse of time or by custom the
new name has fairly superseded the old for all practical
purposes.

To remedy these evils, and to secure a standard for
citation in our Catalogue, it was decided to make as thor-
ough an investigation of the geographical nomenclature
of the Island as possible, to adopt a system of correct
nomenclature, and finally to prepare a map that should
set forth the results of our work. For over three years
this investigation was carried on, until, in June, 1893, the
map was published. If we may judge by what we have
heard ourselves, or by what has been reported to us by
others, very little fault is found with the nomenclature
adopted. It is to be borne in mind that where the nomen-
clature of our map differs from that of the Coast Survey
it is to be explained on one of two grounds: either
because the Coast Survey attached a name to the wrong
locality, or because it coined a name or substituted one
of no authority to replace a name well known and in
common use upon the Island. A very striking instance
of the error last mentioned is found in the unauthorized
use of Turtle Lake for Bubble Pond, or for the oldest
name of all, now obsolete. Southeast Pond.

30 INTRODUCTION.

The preparation of this map made necessary much cor-
respondence and much careful investigation of ancient
maps, plans, and records. Such an undertaking could
never have been brought to a successful conclusion had
it not been for the kindly interest shown and the invalu-
able assistance given by natives of the Island who knew
and loved it well. Among these helpers, many of whom we
regret to say we hardly know by name, but whose assistance,
by whatever means it reached us, we value highly, we wish
to give our especial thanks to the Rev. Oliver H. Fernald ;
to Mr. Eben M. Hamor, of Eden ; to Messrs. T. S. Somes,
George A. Somes, Thomas Bartlett, and A. C. Savage, of
Mt. Desert; to Messrs. W. W. A. Heath and C. M. Hol-
den, of Tremont; and to Mr. P. C. Stover, of Cranberry
Isles ; all of whom by inquiry, by personal investigation,
and by advice and criticism have done so much to give
the map its accuracy and merit. To Mr. Fernald, born
and brought up on the Island, and still retaining in his
residence in another part of the State his love for his
native place and his interest in its affairs, we owe the in-
spiration of this undertaking, and to his encouragement
and assistance its final accomplishment.

By the kind permission of Prof. Thomas C. Mendenhall,
Superintendent of the United States Coast Survey, we
have used the Coast Survey Map for the important physical
features, making here and there a few corrections, and
supplying a few omissions. We wish here to express
our appreciation of his courtesy, which has enabled us
to give a much better map to the public. New roads,
the town boundaries, and additional wood roads and paths
have been added, the different post-offices indicated, and
such points of interest named as it seemed would make
a map not only suitable for our purpose, but of value

INTRODUCTION. 31

to any one interested in the Island. The general rules
followed in regard to nomenclature have already been
explained in the Preface.^

It could not have been expected that our map would be
either complete or entirely free from error. Since its
publication, therefore, effort has been made to discover
omissions and mistakes, in the hope that some time in the
future we can make any corrections that may be found
necessary. "We wish at present to call attention to the
following list of the more important errors and omis-
sions thus far discovered.

(1) The town boundary between Mt. Desert and Tremont
in the territory lying between Somes Sound and Great
Pond should begin on the eastern shore of Great Pond at
the point shown on the map, and should run in a straight
line in a southeasterly direction to a point on the shore
of Valley Cove nearly opposite the word "Eagle" on the
map. This shows the true boundary some distance to the
north of the boundary shown on the map.

(2) At the Quarries on the western shore of Somes
Sound a post-office should be added, " Halls Quarry P. 0. "

(3) The name Western Hio, north of Bass Harbor, it
seems, should be applied to the southern end of Norwood
Ridge. Where the name now stands on the map. Burnt
Mt. should be substituted.

(4) Black Point on Great Cranberry Isle may have to be
changed to Flaggs Point.

(5) The small brook at Bar Harbor, flowing into the

1 It may be interesting to note the use of the word " heath " on the Island.
It is used to denote a large unwooded bog or swamp, usually a sphagnum
bog, very wet, and exceedingly difficult to cross. Many of these heaths
contain small ponds or spring holes, and in the wetter parts are floating bogs
more or less dangerous and treacherous to any one venturing upon them.

32 INTRODUCTION.

cove opposite the southwestern end of Bar Island, is
known as Eddys Brook.

(6) The point next northwest of Cape Levi is known as
Parker Point.

(7) The brook rising east of Town Hill, and flowing
into the South Branch of Northeast Creek is known as
Aunt Betsys Brook.

(8) The brook flowing westward into Clark Cove is
known as Meadow Brook.

(9) The marsh by the Salt Pond on Thomas Bay is
known as Jones Marsh.

(10) Denning Walk at the Quarries on the western
shore of Somes Sound lies farther to the eastward, between
the road and the shore, and the position of the name
should be changed accordingly.

(11) The course of Sunken Heath Brook is shown incor-
rectly between Sunken Heath and the road. It should flow
directly south from the Heath to the road, not as shown
on the map. The remainder of its course, however, is
correctly shown.

(12) The name Saul Cliff, on the shore south of Bar
Harbor, should be Sols Cliff.

We should be very glad to receive from any one other
information that will serve to make the map more perfect
and useful to those interested in the Island.

III. Nomenclature op the Catalogue.

As was stated in the Preface, it seems well to the
authors to state more at length the reasons why they
think it advisable to follow as a standard for this cata-
logue the nomenclature of the sixth edition of Gray's
Manual (so far as it covers the ground), rather than that

INTRODUCTION. 33

of the so called Rochester and Madison Codes, adopted
in 1892 and 1898 by the Botanical Club of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science.

At the outset it should again be stated that we believe
the nomenclature and arrangement of a local Flora should
follow that of some well known or authoritative work or
system. If, on the one hand, the system followed is not
well known, the catalogue will not be of much use to many
for whom it was intended ; if, on the other hand, the sys-
tem does not emanate from some respected authority, it is
folly to attempt to force it on any intelligent person.
The main question for an author or compiler to consider
clearly seems to be, What standard can be followed that
will be most intelligible and most useful to those for
whom it is intended, — to the plant lover of slight botan-
ical knowledge, as well as to the professional botanist of
thorough training? In making the decision the author
need not necessarily follow his own personal inclinations,
— in fact it is not right or expedient for him to do so if
clearness and usefulness must be sacrificed thereby, — his
duty is to help, not to hinder his public, and to yield his
personal preference for the good of others. If he wishes
to express his personal opinions and convictions he can
do this at pleasure through many appropriate channels;
he may speak thus whenever he will. The public cares
very little for the personal convictions and peculiar the-
ories of its servants if unintelligible and practically
useless. It does demand, however, that the servant
should do his duty, and serve the good of the master, not
any private or selfish purpose of his own. It is hard to
see how the contrary can be maintained.

It being granted, therefore, that we must not necessarily
set out our own personal opinions, but must make our

34 INTRODUCTION.

catalogue useful and intelligible, in duty to all who con-
sult it, we had to consider what well recognized standard
we could follow. The choice appeared to lie between
Gray's Manual, mainly the work of our greatest botanist,
and the principles now embodied in their strictest form in
the Rochester Code and extended in the Madison Code.
The chief of these principles one of us had studied for
years, and the other had put to practical use, as a test of
their real value. Moreover, we both felt that the priority
of the specific name should on sound analogies be main-
tained, in opposition to the well known rule of Dr. Gray
that the first specific name in the right genus should
prevail. Nevertheless, as a result of our deliberation we
have decided that a local Flora at this time without ques-
tion must follow Gray's Manual, whether or not its authors
agree entirely with the nomenclature of that work; that
to follow strictly the system dictated by the Rochester
Code is utterly impracticable and unwise, for it is neither
consistent in theory nor sound in practice. This conclu-
sion has been reached after long judicial consideration of
the arguments for and against the system of the Rochester
Code, whether practical or theoretical in nature, and with
an earnest desire to approve any really beneficial altera-
tions in the commonly accepted system of botanical nomen-
clature. We regret, therefore, that the Code, as a whole,
must be condemned for the evil that is in it, and that the
good it contains cannot be utilized in its present form.
As it stands, it seems the work of botanists whose vision
is bounded by the book-shelves of the library and by the
herbarium walls rather than of botanists possessing that
added knowledge and grasp of affairs that is so indis-
pensable to a correct solution of difficulties in such a
practical matter as that of botanical nomenclature.

INTRODUCTION. 35

The mental attitude of the supporters of the Rochester
Code seems at first somewhat difficult to explain. If we
abandon for a theory of our own well known and estab-
lished principles sanctioned by the greatest authorities
and the soundest analogies, we must justify our action.
We have not yet seen any such justification of this Code.
It seems that the explanation must lie in the fact that its
supporters cannot appreciate that they have a case to
prove, and that the burden of proof rests on them alone.
If they act in contravention of fundamental principles
and of the authority and consensus of the greatest bota-
nists, they must prove to the satisfaction of an intelligent
man that they are acting rightly. Even granting that
the Code is proved of utility, the rule still applies to every
change they seek to make. In fact, however, they assume
the contrary, and are open to the gravest criticism for
constantly leaning in favor of change, and of blindly
following what is apparently their guiding principle, —
Quieta movere. Where doubt exists, the old and accepted
name or identification should be preferred in every case
to the new and unproved. We know no reason why
botanists should be exempt from following such funda-
mental rules. If the Code permits the contrary practice,
as its advocates take for granted, it cannot be followed.

Thus it appears to be most necessary for these botanists
to prove that their system secures advantages that the old
system does not possess. If, on the one hand, they claim
that it is more sound in theory, it may be said that prac-
tical relief, not theoretical relief, is needed. Moreover,
their theory is inconsistent within itself, being founded
partly on absolute dedication of a name to the public,
and partly on the absolute inability of the public to do
what it will with its own. Thus we are not only told that

36 INTRODUCTION.

an author cannot change a name once published, because it
has passed from his control ; but we are also no less gravely
told that a name once published can never be changed by
the public either by usage or in any other manner, — an
inconsistency that it is hard to explain in any reasonable
manner. If, on the other hand, they claim that in practice
strict adherence to priority does away with the uncertain-
ties of individual judgment, and secures absolute certainty
in nomenclature for past, present, and future, this assertion
may be fairly denied, at least so far as the past is con-
cerned. Any one who has followed the many differences
in judgment, and the disagreements as to actual priority,
ean easily realize that it is a matter requiring much
acute and long continued investigation to fix absolutely
the historical priority and identity of names. This fact
should have deterred many botanists from rushing into
print with their new-old names, like children eager to
display a new toy, only to discover later that they had
been too hasty, and had merely added to the ever increas-
ing host of synonyms. Furthermore, how can it be known
that this system will be permanent ? Its advocates claim
that they not only can violate other theories, and coin
artificial rules to secure any desired result, but can as
readily disregard and reject many principles of a funda-
mental nature that are well recognized by practical men
of affairs, whether scientists or laymen, and have been so
recognized and approved by the greatest botanists. If
these can be set aside by any one with a theory of his own,
what security have we that the Rochester Code, with all
its inconsistencies and objectionable features, will not be
set aside in a year or two in favor of some radically
different theory ? This is a very serious matter. Through
short-sightedness the fatal error has been made of disre-

INTRODUCTION. 37

garding the permanent and actual for the transient and
theoretical. If, therefore, we approve sucli a course of
action, we in reality cut the solid ground from beneath
our feet. Our view of this matter is fully confirmed by
the dissatisfaction of many of our botanists, and their
freely expressed intention to use the Rochester Code only
until they find something better. Indeed, even one of the
leaders among the faithful of late refuses to follow the
Code in regard to the starting point for genera.

Of course the greatest fault to be found with the Code
arises from the wanton exercise of ex post facto legislation
to accomplish the ends of its advocates. Were the ques-
tion of botanical nomenclature in the main a matter of
interest to scientists only, as until very recently orni-
thological nomenclature has been, this legislation would
do no great harm if generally assented to; but to employ
it in a science like that of botany, where generic and
specific names have become, as it were, subjects of prop-
erty rights, is unwarranted and short-sighted in the
extreme. One result has been, that if we follow the Code
we may have a botanical name and a horticultural name
for the same plant, both correct, but one to be used at
one time, one at another, — a somewhat humiliating state
of affairs when it is borne in mind what efforts have been
made to make horticulturists use the generally accepted
botanical names. The worst of the whole matter is that
the horticulturists are dealing sensibly with facts as
they find them, while the botanists are striving with
theories to annihilate facts. It is hard enough, as any-
body of experience knows, to make a horticulturist adopt
a change in nomenclature made necessary for scientific
reasons ; but how impossible it would be to force upon him
a change made merely to carry out a theory or a system

38 INTRODUCTION.

of questionable expediency ! What can be gained by inten-
sifying this distinction between botanical and horticultural
nomenclature, especially now that the horticulturists have
refused to follow the Rochester Code on the practical
ground that it does not recognize the well established
principles of property rights, custom, usage, and the salu-
tary maxim, Quieta non 7novere ?

Any system of nomenclature, especially one creating
confusion by asserting new and unusual theories, should
come before the public as a result of mature, impartial,
long considered adjudication. While we are perfectly
willing to consider the Rochester Code as the expression
of the personal opinion and preference of its advocates,
we find ourselves unable to admit that it has any other
authority to sustain it. It is true that it was fathered
by the vote of the Botanical Section of the A. A. A. S. at
the Rochester Meeting in 1892, but the published record
of the proceedings shows clearly that the committee
appointed could not have given the subject proper con-
sideration and adjudication. In fact, apparently less
than one day was sufficient for this committee to pass
on a subject of so much practical importance, and then
in a manner that involved the rejection of fundamental
principles confirmed and supported for years by the
authority of the greatest botanists. Further comment is
unnecessary.

It has, moreover, been asked, with some pertinence,
What authority had the Rochester Meeting to bind Amer-
ican botanists by any such code of nomenclature as a
majority of the members present might see fit to adopt ?
It is perfectly clear that its sole authority lay in the
united dictation of the various botanists present. We
confess we find it somewhat amusing, — after all the

INTRODUCTION. 39

protest against one-man authority, no matter how great
that man might be, and after all the laudation of the democ-
racy of the botanists, — that the real democracy, in which
every botanist has a vote, should now be dictated to by a
comparatively few botanists of various degrees of repute.
History testifies that power and dictation are fully as
sweet to thirty tyrants as to one! The matter practi-
cally wears this aspect in our opinion, since we have been
unable to find more than passive approval of the Code
outside of a comparatively small circle of botanists, and in
many cases have found active disapproval or a decided
disclaimer of any sympathy with the Code where we
hardly expected it. We sincerely hope that botanists
in other countries will not be deceived into thinking that
this school of nomenclature includes the American bota-
nists, for it includes only a part, even if it is the part that
makes most of the noise !

Another evil produced by the adoption of this Code is
the great prominence given to the botanical name-monger,
a term which we use for convenience to denote those
botanists who devote much of their time to changing
about names of plants for no scientific reason, but merely
to fit them to a code. To the binomial thus manufactured
they add their names, and stand apparently on a par with
botanists whose names attached as authors stand for true
scientific achievement. The addition in parentheses of
the name of the original author of the specific name does
not help the matter much in such cases, for it does not
explain the binomial. There are, moreover, no indica-
tions at present that there is likely to be such a consensus
of agreement in the names of plants as might enable us
to omit the name of the author altogether. Thanks to
the provincial-mindedness of the so-called reformers, we

40 INTRODUCTION.

are farther from this agreement than we were ten years
ago. All this is a natural result of the unjustifiable
attempt to apply rules too strictly in many respects to
the past, over which no botanist can expect to legislate
if he knows anything of conditions outside of his her-
barium walls. If the supporters of the Rochester Code
think they have a right to upset important results of
nomenclature evolution for nearly a century and a half
merely to help out their theories, they must be veritable
Rip Van Winkles, just awakened from a comfortable
nap of years.

We sincerely regret that so many of our younger bota-
nists have been led astray by this ignis fatuus of theory,
and so blinded to the clear fixed lights of sound judgment
and of practice. No code of botanical nomenclature can
hope to accomplish good results that does not meet the
needs of the time; this the Rochester Code does not do.
We cannot afford to begin over again, or submit to tempo-
rary confusion for the sake of any theory, or for the sake
of a future peace that may never come.

In our consideration of this matter we have pointed out
a few reasons why we could not follow the Rochester
Code. It would be easy to be more specific, and give
others, did we feel that it were incumbent on us to do so.
We see no reason, however, why objections should be set
out by any one dissatisfied with the Code, when the sup-
porters have thus far been unable to prove that it has any
right to exist beyond their own will. Let them attempt
to prove their case, and their argument will be impar-
tially heard by all interested in this matter of botanical
nomenclature. At present they are in default.

In conclusion, we wish to add a few words in explana-
tion of the arrangement adopted in this catalogue. The

INTRODUCTION. 41

arrangement of Engler and Prantl's " Natiirlichen Pflan-
zenfamilien," adopted as a standard at the Madison Meet-
ing of the Botanical Section of the A. A. A. S., seems to us
not sufficiently well known, accessible, and understood in
this country to make it advisable to adopt it at present in
a local Flora, or in a mere list of plants. It has been
adopted in Algse alone in this Catalogue. As our decision
in regard to the standard of nomenclature obliged us to
follow Gray's Manual, it seemed well to us to follow its
arrangement also, so far as its scope allowed, and beyond
that to follow the manuals and other works already
mentioned in the Preface.

AN OUTLINE

OF THE

GEOLOGY OF MOUNT DESERT.

By WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS.

'T^HE mountain range of Mount Desert includes the
■*• highest of a number of mountainous hills that rise
over the rolling lowland of southern Maine. The lowland
has been slightly inclined to the south, so that a part of
its original area is depressed under the sea, to make the
platform of the Gulf of Maine ; while its northern exten-
sion slowly ascends inland until it deserves the name of
a plateau in the northern part of the State. The tilted
lowland is roughened by the excavation of numerous
valleys ; and since these were formed the coastal region
has been slightly lowered, carrying the sliore line farther
inland than before, changing many a valley into a long
arm of the sea, and isolating many a hill top as an out-
lying island. Associated with this later change of level,
and during a time of colder climate, there was an invasion
of the region from the north by a sheet of ice, such as
that which still maintains possession of Greenland, The"
slow but rough-shod march of this cold conqueror stripped
the loose soil from the land, wore down the sharper
ledges of the hills, deepened many of the valleys, and
dragged along the rubbish thus gained farther and farther
southward. When the invader was driven away by the
return of a milder climate, the rubbish or "drift" was
irregularly disposed over the uneven lowlands, thereby

44 AN OUTLINE OF THE

greatly embarrassing the flow of the streams that again
took possession of the comitrj, frequently turning them
aside from their former courses, and often holding them
back to form lakes.

The rolling lowland over which the mountainous hills
rise is not, like the coastal lowlands of our southern
States, a former sea-bottom recently emerged, and still
for the most part as smooth as it was when under water.
The lowland is low, not because the country was never
built up to a greater height, but in spite of having been
long ago strongly uplifted in disorderly form. The low-
land is low because the whole region has been worn down
from its high estate by long continued denudation. It
lias slowly wasted away under the ceaseless attack of the
atmosphere. Its relief is now generally of moderate meas-
ure because, before the lowland was tilted into its present
southward inclination, it had been worn down nearly to the
level of the sea of that time, and only the more resistant
rock structures then still withstood denudation success-
fully enough to hold up their heads as residual moun-
tains and hills. There is every reason to believe that even
the residual mountains were once more lofty than they
are now ; that the whole region was once deformed and
upheaved into a rugged highland ; but these ancient fea-
tures have been subdued and almost lost in the denudation
of advancing old age. The existing mountains must there-
fore be i-egarded not so much as points of excessive upheaval,
but as points where the wasting of the land has been
retarded. The mountain range of Mount Desert is one
of the most stubborn survivors ot the ancient highland.
The beauty of the Island as seen from the sea, unpar-
alleled along our whole Atlantic coast, is owing to its
persistent retention of a good share of the height which
this whole region once had, but which its surroundings
have lost.

GEOLOGY OF MOUNT DESERT. 45

Although the granitic rocks of the Mount Desert range,
and of other mountains in southern Maine, are now cold
and quiet in their old age, they were once hot and ener-
getic, pressing their way upward as a vast molten mass
towards, and perliaps to what was then the surface of the
ancient land. Their upheaval and outburst may have
contributed largely to the altitude of the former surface ;
but of this we know little. Other intrusions of melted
rocks occurred on large or small scales, and on dates
earlier and later than that of the mountain granite ; but
their heat has all long since died out. The great denuda-
tion by which the present lowland has been carved in
the ancient highlands is later than the latest of the
igneous outbursts ; and the glaciation by which the finish-
ing touches have been given to the country is a thing of
yesterday.

When a brief summary of geological history is thus
presented, the reader, if he is not versed in the interpre-
tation of evidence presented in the language of the rocks,
is likely to regard the whole subject as something of a
mystery. He may even imagine that the facts and argu-
ments to which the geologist appeals are obscure and
abstruse. This is not the case. Common eyes and com-
mon sense may perceive all the essential points in the
evidence leading to the conclusions just stated. If the
reader will walk patiently over the island, look closely,
and think clearly, the whole argument may be appre-
hended ; and when his attention is taken less by the con-
clusions to which the evidence leads than by the evidence
which leads to the conclusions, the mystery vanishes ;
the essential simplicity of logical scientific investigation
takes its place, and the face of nature gains a frank and
sincere expression that it has to him never worn before.
Let xis use the foregoing paragraphs in the nature of a
table of contents, and now turn more particularly to see

46 AN OUTLINE OF THE

the facts by which the geological history of Mount Desert
may be interpreted.

Seldom are geological facts more plainly presented.
Seldom have pleasanter days been spent than those
recalled while writing out this sketch. We have coasted
in good company and under good pilotage along the rocky
shore, landing for our geological discoveries even as old
Champlain may have landed for his geography, and return-
ing to our vessel at night. We have clambered up pathless
glens to rugged summits ; and if we carried rations for
only half a day, we felt nevertheless the spirit of explorers
in unknown lands, and our adventures were recounted
around camp-fires in the evening. Our vacations are
shorter now than then, and while recalling them in this
writing we must leave to others the pleasures on sea and
shore once our own.

The Granite Belt.

The granitic mass of Green Mountain, and of its domi-
nant fellows east and west, and of a belt of adjacent
lowland across the Island about parallel to the range,
serves as a natural beginning in our study, and from the
date of the origin of the granite we may go backwards
and forwards in time until the whole sequence of events
discoverable within our borders is determined. The rocks
of the mountain belt, wherever examined on summits or
flanks, have a remarkably uniform crystalline texture,
consisting of an intimate mixture of quartz, feldspar, and
hornblende, to which the name of hornblendic granite is
given. The constituent minerals may be easily recognized
by the unaided eye : the quartz being translucent and
glassy, with uneven surface ; the feldspar, gray or pink,
with even cleavage surfaces ; the hornblende, black, and
in smaller particles than the other minerals. The massive
structure of this rock, in so strong a contrast to the bedded

GEOLOGY OP MOUNT DESERT. 47

arrangement of stratified or water-deposited rocks, indi-
cates that its materials were not brought here in fine
particles and in succession, and laid down in beds one after ^J
another ; but that the whole mass took its place essentially
at once, and that its structure was gained by a single
process, in operation practically at one time in all its parts.
Slow crystallization by cooling from fusion is the most
plausible explanation of such a result ; and this is borne
out by an examination of the structure of modern lavas,
which solidify after flowing in molten streams from visible
vents ; and by analogy with the crystallization of mineral
substances artificially melted and allowed to cool. The
granite is therefore regarded as an igneous rock ; a rock
which has been at one time molten from heat.

The granite occupies a belt across the Island, enclosed
on the north and south by rocks of other kinds. Isolated
areas of granite are found eastward from Bass Harbor
Head, and at some other points. Descend the mountain
slopes to the lower ground, and although much of the
surface is covered with drift, the observer will sooner or
later meet with rocks of quite different appearance. At
first, these are seen as isolated angular fragments of
various kinds and sizes included in the granite ; the frag-
ments then become more frequent, as in the wonderful
display at Hunters Beach Head ; further on, the granite
is found penetrating long, relatively narrow crevices in
the other rocks, as on Sutton Island ; and at last the
granite ceases entirely, and the surface is occupied, when-
ever its rocky floor can be seen, only by rocks like those
first seen as fragments enclosed in the granite. Near the
margin of its area, the granite is finer textured than
further within its mass. This indicates that, when it
cooled from fusion, the margin cooled faster than the
interior ; for it is the habit of rocks when crystallizing
from a melted state to develop only smaller crystals and

48 AN OUTLINE OF THE

finer texture near their boundaries, where they are chilled
and solidified quickly ; while larger crystals and coarser
texture are produced within the mass, where the cooling
is more gradual. Even a broken bar of pig iron illus-
trates a variation from fine to coarse texture in passing
from its surface to its interior.

The fine texture of the margin of the granite, the inclu-
sion of numerous angular fragments of the country rocks
along the borders of the granite belt, and the penetration
of the country rocks by narrowing granitic arms, or dikes,
demonstrate that the granite is a later comer than the
other rocks, and that it moved from some former position
to its present position while molten, breaking its way into
the solid, rocky crust in its escape from some excessive
pressures that forced it to move ; until at last, when the
impelling pressures were satisfied, it came to a halt, and
slowly froze into a rigid mass, holding close in its grasp
thousands of fragments gathered from the enclosing walls.
The only imaginable source of supply for such a mass of
molten rock is in the earth's interior; and although no one
can well account for the forces by which the granite was
squeezed outward from its former position, no one can
justly doubt the reality of its out-thrust. The granitic belt
is indeed nothing more than a great irregular ragged dike,
pushed upward through the ancient rocky crust of the
earth. Many such intrusive masses are known elsewhere
in New England, and in other parts of the world. The
Blue Hills near Boston are largely composed of intrusive
rocks, amid surroundings much like those of the Mount
Desert range ; the rocky dome of Cape Ann is of similar
nature.

The granitic outburst is the greatest event in the history
of Mount Desert. It is of colossal magnitude. The energy
of its intrusion cannot be conceived. Not that the intru-
sion was suddenly accomplished, but that it was effected

GEOLOGY OF MOUNT DESERT. 49

against enormous resistances, and that it involved the
movement of gigantic masses. The granitic belt is at least
twelve miles long and seven wide. No one can give any
measure of the former greater height to which it ascended ;
and certainly he would be a daring geologist who would set
a limit to the unsounded depths from which it rose. The
uprising may have required many historic ages ; it may
have been relatively rapid ; but that it was progressive, and
not instantaneous, is easily seen by a closer examination of
the minor events recorded along its margins.

Much of the lowland is covered by glacial drift and by
postglacial marine clays ; but along the seashore the rocks
are swept clean, and their surface is continuously visible.
The bare ledges and cliffs of Hunters Beach Head, as well
as of many other similar points on the southern coast,
afford wonderfully clear illustrations of the processes of the
granitic intrusion. Here we may follow the granite wedg-
ing its way into narrowing cracks among the older rocks.
Great fragments of older rocks of various kinds are caught
off in the granite and mixed together in confusion. Some-
times a block is found to be divided by granite-filled fis-
sures, and yet its several parts may still lie so close to one
another that they can be matched with certainty ; thus
proving that after the block was broken from the wall of
the vast fissure it was further fractured, and the minor
cracks thus opened were filled by the mobile granite. This
may be seen on the eastern side of the Narrows of Somes
Sound, and along the shore ledges to Smallidge Point south
of Wasgatt Cove. The granite rock, now so rigid, then so
liquid, or at least then yielding so perfectly under the
pressures that were exerted on it, entered into the nar-
rowest little crevices, following them down to hair-like
fineness. Nowhere in the world may the traveller find
better, illustrations of the manifold processes of deep-seated

intrusions than are here exhibited on the wave-swept ledges

4

50 AN OUTLINE OF THE

of the southern coast, eastward from Somes Sound. They
are fully equal to the wonderful display of successive in-
trusions of igneous rocks along the Massachusetts coast
in Swampscott, Marblehead, and Beverly.

When the observer first examines the varied features of
this rocky coast, his attention will be limited to the surface
of the rocks as now exposed. But the structural problem
of the Island is not simply a problem of surfaces in two
dimensions. It is a problem of solids in three dimensions ;
and the third dimension of heiglit or depth must be inferred
from what can be seen on the length and breadth of the
surface. It will be plain, when we come to consider the
denudation which the island has suffered, that the present
surface has no particular relation to the whole mass of
ancient country rocks and intrusive granite with which we
are now concerned. The present surface merely marks
the stage of denudation reached at this hour of geological
time ; the surface at earlier hours intersected the mass at
a greater altitude ; in later hours the intersection will be
carried lower down into the mass. The present surface
may therefore be taken, not as belonging only to the present
time, but as a fair sample of what would be exhibited on
any nearly horizontal section across the mass, not very far
above or below what is now seen.

We must therefore conceive of the great granite dike
not only as limited by horizontal marginal lines, but as
enclosed by ragged walls ; and this structure must be men-
tally restored upward into what is now the open air, as well
as deeply downward into the solid earth. The original
walls undoubtedly termiuated in both directions ; but no
one shall say how far they extended at the time when
the granite had just made its way upwards from the deep
interior of the earth and frozen stiff in its new position.
The greater part of the intrusion is pure unmixed granite ;
but far up and down the walls there must have been a con-

GEOLOGY OF MOUNT DESERT. 51

fusion of included fragments broken from the country rock,
and a great branch-work of lateral granitic dikes penetrat-
ing the sides of the vast fissure. We shall later return to
consider the denudation of the ancient mass into its pres-
ent form ; but before that several facts of even more ancient
date than the granite intrusion must be examined.

The Pre-Granitic Rocks.

Even the casual observer can hardly fail to detect a
marked variety in the nature of the rock fragments
included in the granite along the southern and western
coast. Every one of these rocks is older than the granite.
Many of them are distinctly unlike in composition and tex-
ture, and probably also in age. Some are therefore older
than the granite by longer ages than the others. Their
sequence must be deciphered as far as possible.*

The most manifest varieties of these older rocks may bo
briefly described. On the western and northwestern coast,
and on some of the adjacent islands, as Bartlett and Hard-
wood Islands, there is an area of wrinkled greenish schists,
in somewhat disorderly attitude, associated with quartzitic
layers. Their southernmost occurrence is at Dix Point,
and northernmost at Thomas Island. The schists trend
northwest, north, and northeast, dipping to the eastward,
or towards the granite, at various angles. Their thickness
is estimated as two thousand feet at least. These schists
are cut by the granite at several points, and hence belong
in the pre -granitic series ; but as they are not found in con-
tact with the other marginal rocks, it is only on account of
their gnarled and ancient appearance that they are placed
at the foundation of the history of the Island. They seem

* A number of statements in this section, and in the section on the
glacial invasion, are taken from an essay by Prof. N. S. Shaler, on the Ge-
ology of the Island of Mount Desert, in the Eighth Annual Report of the
Director of the U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, 1889.

52 AN OUTLINE OF THE

to have been originally stratified sedimentar}^ deposits ; but
their texture has become crystalline by long continued
change, and hence they are to be regarded as extremely
ancient. It is probable that a search on the neighboring
mainland will enable us to define more precisely the rela-
tive age of the schists by means of their contact with the
other old rocks ; and when this is done, we may expect to
find proof, not only that the schists are the oldest of the
series, but that after the deposition of their sediments they
were buried deeply enough for metamorphism into their
present crystalline structure, and then greatly denuded
before any other rocks were formed in this region. They
will then be seen to be older than the other rocks by a
great interval of time. The rocks of Schooner Head and
of a limited stretch of the eastern coast may perhaps be
classed with the greenish schists of Bartlett Island ; but
their age is not well determined.

On the southern and northeastern sides of the Island,
and on some of the adjacent smaller islands, as Bar Island,
the Porcupines, and Sutton Island, there are many ex-
posures of a series of bedded rocks, partly slates, partly
sandstones and flagstones. These are manifestly sedi-
mentary deposits in ancient seas. They are of firm
texture as a rule, although some of the layers are weak
enough to undermine the overlying beds and form dis-
tinct ledges, as near Bar Harbor landing. Sometimes
there are fine pebbly layers, with grains of white quartz,
as on the shore near Northeast Harbor. The greater
part of this series is well indurated ; but otherwise it has
suffered little structural change since its deposition. In-
deed, if any fossils had originally existed in the beds, they
should be still observable, but none have yet been found.
The strata generally dip away from the granitic belt ; and
on the Cranberry Isles their inclination is nearly vertical.
The granite cuts them in various places, and frequently

GEOLOGY OF MOUNT DESERT. 53

includes their fragments along the southern coast ; hence,
like the greenish schists, they belong to the pre-granitic
series, hut at present it is only by inference that they are
regarded as younger than the schists, as already explained.
There may well be a considerable diversity of age among
these bedded rocks, yet to be discovered.

The northern shore by the Ovens, the southwestern
extension of the Island, and several of the smaller islands
to the southeast, contain many exposures of old volcanic
rocks, known as felsites. They are of crystalline texture,
but much finer than the granite of the central belt, and
are often arranged, like modern lavas, in sheets or flows
parallel with the beds of the adjacent stratified sedimen-
tary rocks. They frequently possess a porphyritic structure ;
that is, small crystals of feldspar are disseminated through
the mass. Again, they have a banded structure, due to
flowing while molten ; and they are often broken or brec-
ciated, as if eruptive movement had continued after a part
of the mass had become solid. This structure is exhibited
on the eastern shore of Bass Harbor. Associated with the
denser masses are large fragmental and ash-like deposits,
as if formed by explosive eruptions from some neighboring
vent not now identifiable. Occasionally, dikes of felsite
are found cutting through the rocks of the bedded series.
Like the bedded rocks, they are cut by the granites, as
may be well seen east of Bass Harbor. Considering all
these features, it may be concluded that the felsites mark
a time of volcanic activity contemporaneous with a part of
the period during which the sedimentary series was formed.
The sandy or muddy sea bottom of that era must have
received, from time to time, flows of lava and showers
of ashes ; volcanic cones may have been built somewhere
in the neighborhood, although not a trace of tliem now
remains. While in process of accumulation, the bedded
rocks and the lava flows must have lain almost horizontal ;

54 AN OUTLINE OF THE

but they are now steeply tilted to the south and deeply
worn away, so that the present surface in the Cranberry
Isles reveals what would have been originally almost a
vertical cross-section of the mass. Minute study may
discover interesting details of this chapter of the Island's
history ; but the record is fragmentary by reason of the
denudation that has swept much of the structure away,
and the submergence which has sunk a good part of the
remainder beneath the sea; and the remnant standing
above the present sea level is blurred over by the sheet of
glacial drift. Yet it is by putting together such imperfect
records as this that much of the geological history of the
world has been made out. A close study of the ancient
volcanic area in the southern part of Mount Desert would
doubtless well repay any one who can undertake it.

Along the southern coast, east of Somes Sound, and at
various points on the western coast near Bai'tlett Island
Narrows, there is a dark-colored crystalline igneous rock,
known as diorite. It consists chiefly of hornblende and
a triclinic feldspar : the fine parallel lines on the cleavage
faces of the feldspar resulting from the twinning of crys-
tals can be easily seen with a hand lens, thus distinguishing
the triclinic feldspar of the diorite from the orthoclase
feldspar of the granite. The diorite is shown to be an
igneous rock by its structure, and by its intrusive relations
with other rocks, here and elsewhere. It cuts the lower
members of the stratified rocks near Northeast Harbor,
and it is frequently cut by or included in the granite ;
hence its age is intermediate between the ages of these
two ; but its relations to the volcanic felsites are not
yet surely determined. The felsites were contemporary
superficial extrusions upon certain members of the bedded
rocks, while the diorite presents only the features of a
deep intrusion, as if thrust in among the bedded rocks
after th^j had accumulated in much greater mass than

GEOLOGY OF MOUNT DESERT. 55

they possessed when the felsites overflowed. It is there-
fore probable that the diorite is younger than the felsite.
At certain points in Northwest Cove, on the western coast,
the diorite is of two liinds ; the finer textured masses
being cut by those of coarser texture, and thus indicating
two periods of intrusion of this rock.

This general survey of the older rocks may now be
summarized. The metamorphic schists seem to be the
most ancient, and it is probable that a long unrecorded
time elapsed after their deposition before the next series
was formed. Then comes a variety of unaltered sedimen-
tary rocks, to whose accumulation a long time must have
been devoted, and whose history was diversified by much
volcanic action. Tiie geological date of these rocks can-
not be affirmed ; but, judging by analogy with similar rocks
along the New England coast, it was probably Cambrian,
a very ancient time division of geological history. How
long the conditions of deposition prevailed, and how great
a thickness of deposits was formed before their subsequent
destruction began, no one can now learn ; but we shall see
reason to believe that the existing amount of bedded rocks
is probably only a small share of what once existed in this
region. At some part of the time, when the accumulation
of the bedded series had reached a considerable volume
above the present surface, the intrusions of diorite took
place within the mass ; and again, at a still later time,
came the great granitic intrusion ; thus leading us to
the undated epoch with which this account of the rocks
began.

The Post-Granitic Rocks.

The only indurated rocks now recognized as of later
date than the granite are the trap dikes, by which all the
other rocks of the Island are traversed at one place or

56 AN OUTLINE OF THE

another. These dikes are commonly from two to ten feet
wide, standing nearly vertical, trending somewhat east of
north with rather direct courses. They are found on low-
land and highland, from water's edge to mountain top.
They nowhere exhibit the smallest indication of overflow ;
even over the summit of Green Mountain they are as dense
and as well contained within their walls as at sea level.
Hence, when they were intruded, the rocky mass must
have risen above the mountain tops of to-day. It is pos-
sible that their lavas may have reached the surface of
their time, and maj"- have there overflowed, much in the
same way as the felsites ovei'flowed on a lower surface
long before ; but we have no evidence of such surface
action. The dikes, as now revealed, are deep structures,
and with the diorites and granites proclaim the greater
mass that the rocks once possessed, and the wasting that
the region has since then suffered.

The Great Denudation.

If the greenish schists are older than the bedded rocks,
as may be supposed, it is eminently possible that the
unrecorded time between the deposition of the two series
witnessed a denudation as great as that which we have
now to consider ; but our attention cannot be well directed
to that long lost chapter of the Island's history. The
chapter is at present only a matter of fair inference, and
it never can be fully reconstructed. It is like those many
lapsed periods of ancient human history, unmarked by
recoi'ds of great battles or by the dethronement of kings,
over which our imagination passes so lightly, and with so
little appreciation of all that they contained. But with
the later denudation, by which the present form of the
Island has been fashioned, we have much to do. It calls
for study as attentive as that by which the making of the
rocks is discovered. A full understanding of the geological

GEOLOGY OF MOUNT DESERT. 57

history of a region requires an examination of the records
of denudation, as well as of those of accumulation. It is
likely that Nature gave quite as much time to wearing
down as to building up the Island ; and we may well follow
her example in the division of our sections.

The reasons for believing that the Island and the adjacent
mainland have lost much of the rock mass that once existed
above their present surface may be briefly stated. We first
notice that, if the tilted beds of the stratified and volcanic
series were again extended upwards into the air from their
present denuded edges, a great increase would be given to
the altitude of the surface. This is not merely a local mat-
ter. The same conclusion is reached all along the New
England coast, and far inland. The rocks of the whole
region are greatly disordered, much as rocks are in lofty
mountains, and the edges of the strata as now revealed
are by no means the original edges. How far they once
extended upwards cannot be stated ; but the distance
should be estimated in thousands of feet rather than in
hundreds.

The evidence thus derived from the attitude of the
bedded rocks is confirmed by the features of the intrusive
rocks, — the diorites, the granite, and the trap dikes. None
of these exhibit any trace of surface extrusion, such as is
so plainly manifested in the more ancient felsites. Hence
we must suppose that, since the felsites were extruded, a
great accumulation of superincumbent materials was loaded
upon the region, and that it was upwards into this heavy
accumulation that the intrusive rocks were thrust. It is
quite probable that during the time of accumulation and
intrusion the whole region stood lower than it now does,
even so low that its surface then was near or below sea
level. As long as this low stand was maintained, further
accumulation would be natural enough, and denudation
would be postponed. No limits of quantity or time can

58 AN OUTLINE OF THE

now be placed to the era of accumulation ; but it was closed
at last by elevation, and with that change the present chap-
ter in the history of the Island was opened. Judging by
the tilted and twisted attitude of the bedded rocks, both on
the Island and elsewhere in New England, it is probable
that the time of elevation was a time of mountain growth,
when the rocks were deformed as well as uplifted. The
coast line must then have been pushed farther out to sea,
nearer to the margin of our continental shelf. The moun-
tains may have risen as high as the Alps ; they may have
borne glaciers on their upper slopes ; great rivers may have
drained their valleys. The rocks may have suffered moun-
tainous deformation at more than one period, writhing
under successive applications of crushing forces, after the
fasliion of mountains of more recent construction, whose
building is better known. During, between, and after the
periods of crushing, the forces of the atmosphere maintained
their ceaseless attack on the exposed surface ; and their
final success in reducing tlie ancient mountains so nearly
to a lowland reminds one that the persevering tortoise over-
took the spasmodic hare.

The lack of definiteness by which this section is charac-
terized may make appreciation of it more difficult than
of one which, like the section on the intrusion of the
granite, is accompanied by specific illustration at every
step. All the more patiently, therefore, should the reader
pass in review the scenes of existing mountains, having
faith that where mountain roots are now exposed, there
mountain heads once arose. Just as he might recall, while
resting on the prostrate trunk of an old moss-covered
forest tree the early sprouting of its seed, its adolescent
growth above the lowlier bushes, its mature attainment of
forest height, its fall and decay in old age : so he must
picture the young mountains once rising along what is now
the New Entrland coast ; he must see them grow once and

GEOLOGY OF MOUNT DESERT. 59

again, rearing their crests to the height of the clouds ; he
must watch them slowly, slowly wearing away till only
their roots remain. Even as we are told that in man
death begins with birth, so with the mountains : their
wasting begins as they first rise above the sea, and, how-
ever lofty they grow, they must in the end be prostrated.
Energetic mountains of great altitude, so young that they
are still high and growing, are not the only kind of moun-
tains that cross tlie face of the earth. Many a mountain
range, once lofty, has been laid low ; and it is as a part of
such a range that we must regard both the highlands and
lowlands of Mount Desert.

The narrow limits of the Island suffice to give us an
understanding of its granitic belt ; but in the present sec-
tion the Island must be regarded merely as a part of New
England. It is only from a general survey of a consider-
able area that a just view of its parts can be gained. Let
the reader, therefore, now recollect what he has seen of
New England elsewhere, and follow a rapid sketch of its
history as a wasting land.

Although New England is a rugged country, an extended
view from its hill tops brings to sight a comparatively even
sky line, at whose elevation extensive uplands often stretch
many miles without great inequality of height. The moun-
tains that rise above this sky line and the valleys that sink
below it may be for the moment left out of consideration.
The upland is the most general feature of inner New Eng-
land, and must be distinctly recognized. This upland
surface, gradually descending towards the seacoast, merges
into the lowland that was mentioned in the first sentence
of this essay. The whole is manifestly a surface of denuda-
tion, for its stratified rocks are nearly always exposed on
edge, and their former extension has been greatly cur-
tailed ; while its crystalline rocks in almost every case pos-
sess a coarseness of texture and a structural relation to

60 AN OUTLINE OF THE

their surroundings that indicate intrusion at great depths
beneath the surface of their time. Now it is a law, well
demonstrated in the science of land sculpture, that an even
upland of large extent, like that of the New England pla-
teau, in which there is at present no sympathy between
rock structure and surface form, can be produced only in
the later stages of a long cycle of denudation, when the
region has wasted from whatever height it once possessed
nearly down to sea level, or base level as it is conveniently
called. The New England upland was therefore once, not
only at its margin as now, but across its whole extent, a
lowland of denudation standing near sea level ; and its
present elevation must have been given to it at some sub-
sequent time by an unequal tilting which depressed part
of its former extent beneath the sea, and which raised the
inner portion of its area one or two thousand feet.

The reader must guard against making too even a
picture of this ancient plain of denudation. It was by
no means a dead-level plain, but a rolling surface of mod-
erate relief, — an almost plain surface, for which I have
coined the term ijeneplain. During the long cycle of
denudation, the region was not entirely worn down to sea
level, but it was greatly reduced from the height that it
once possessed, and only low hills remained to represent
most of its ancient mountains. At certain points, not
even the peneplain stage was reached. The view across
the New England upland nearly always includes, in one
direction or another, an eminence rising above the general
sky line ; and of such, Monadnock in southwestern New
Hampshire is one of the most beautiful examples. These
eminences, once overlooking the lowland, but now overlook-
ing the plateau, are residual mountains, which by reason
of their excessive hardness escaped the nearly complete
denudation that the rest of the peneplain suffered. The
White Mountains seem to be simply a cluster of Monad-

GEOLOGY OF MOUNT DESEET. 61

nocks. The range of Mount Desert is a series of
Monadnocks, close to the line where the sea now lies
on the land.

It is only in a later cycle of denudation, since the low-
land peneplain was uplifted into a rolling plateau inclining
towards the sea, that the valleys of New England were
carved out. Where the plateau rose high, the valleys
have been cut deep ; where it rose but little, there are only
shallow trenches in the upland. Where the rocks of the
uplifted peneplain are relatively hard, the valleys are as
yet, in the present cycle of denudation, opened only to a
moderate width ; where the rocks are weak, the valleys
are opened so wide that new local lowlands, local pene-
plains of the second order, or of a second generation, have
been developed. Thus the rocky floor of New England
is diversified, and of this rocky floor Mount Desert is a
little part.

Just as we must avoid too artificial a conception of the
plain to which New England was reduced by the great
denudation, so we must guard against too rigid an assump-
tion of a perfect standstill of the land during either the
greater or the lesser cycle of its degradation, and too
violent an assumption of its immediate ascent from a
lower to a higher altitude. It is most probable that many
minor oscillations of level occurred during the cycle while
the peneplain was in development, and that the elevation
and tilting of the peneplain into the inclined upland was so
gently accomplished, that, had we then been here to watch
its rise, we might have watched in vain during our too brief
centuries. It is also probable that, since the uplift and
the beginning of the new cycle in which the valleys have
been etched out, minor oscillations have again upheaved
and depressed the land. It is only the greater changes
of level that can be detected in the more remote history
of the sculpture of the land ; it is only as we come close to

62 AN OUTLINE OF THE

the present time that the minute records of slight and
brief oscillations can be detected. The moderate depres-
sion by which our lower valleys have been, as we shall see,
drowned into bays, and the lesser elevation by which our
coastal slope has risen with a half-smooth sea cover on its
back are important to us, not by reason of their magnitude
or their duration, but simply by reason of their recency.
They must not be regarded as exceptional, but only as
giving indication of the uneasiness that most likely always
has and always will characterize the land.

There is nothing on Mount Desert, or on the coast of
Maine, that suffices to define the geological date of the
elevation by which the two cycles of denudation just
described were separated ; yet when the field of inquiry
is extended so as to include all parts of the uplifted
peneplain, which is found to spread far to the southwest,
even to Alabama, its denudation may be correlated with
the deposition of various fossiliferous sediments, and thus
the completion of the peneplain may be placed in its
proper position in geological chronology. Strata of late
Cretaceous age in New Jersey are found overlapping the
seaward margin of the peneplain ; hence it is believed to
have been fairly well completed in late Cretaceous time ;
and the period of its elevation and consequent etching is
regarded as post-Cretaceous, or somewhere in the Tertiary
period. This is manifestly rather indefinite ; future inves-
tigations will probably define it more sharply ; but it is a
significant step in the right direction. Before this small
step was made, the date of the denudation of New Eng-
land was entirely unfixed, and very diverse views were
held on this subject. The making of the peneplain was
by some thought to be as old as the red sandstones of the
Triassic formation in the Connecticut valley ; and the
valleys were considered by others to be as young as the
time of the ice invasion, to whose erosive powers they

GEOLOGY OF MOUNT DESERT. 63

were ascribed. The truth as it now appears lies between
these extremes.

The geological dates of the intrusions and deformations
that the Island has suffered are even more indefinite than
the times of its denudation. Accepting the provisional
date of Cambrian for the lower members of the bedded
series, and late Cretaceous for the end of the denudation
of the peneplain, the deformations and intrusions must be
placed somewhere within the long intermediate interval.
This is like saying that a certain battle occurred some-
where between the time of the founding of Rome and the
invention of printing; but if its date had been previously
still less determinate than this, we should be glad enough
to have even so wide a limitation of its occurrence. It
is probable that comparisons of the structure of Mount
Desert with similar structures in other parts of New Eng-
land will in future suffice to set narrower limits to the
dates of several of the events whose time of occurrence is
now so loosely circumscribed.

The Glacial Invasion.

It was over a country thus made and unmade, over an
uplifted peneplain surmounted by isolated and clustered
Monadnocks, and dissected by newly etched valleys and
valley lowlands, that the ice sheet crept down from the
north. I shall not enter on the cause of its coming, or
on its source ; suffice it to call attention to the manifest
marks of its presence. Wherever the rocky floor of the
Island, or of almost any part of New England, is freshly
uncovered, it is found to be more or less smoothed or
rounded and distinctly striated or grooved, as if it had
been severely rubbed down by some gritty burnisher. Such
surfaces may be seen at innumerable points along the rocky
shore, of Mount Desert, where the drift has lately been
stripped off and where the waves have not yet made

64 AN OUTLINE OF THE

successful attack. On the mountain tops the striee are
weathered off, but the rounded form of many ledges is a
significant product of glacial action. The strife trend to
the east of south, sometimes deflected to one side or the
other by the uneven form of the hills and mountains,
but generally persisting rather regularly in their course.
These markings are so perfectly matched by those seen
on the rocks under the creeping ice streams of Switzer-
land, or alongside of the decaying ice sheet of Alaska,
that it is unreasonable to doubt that they were produced
in the same way. Mount Desert, Maine, New England, all
our northern States and Canada beyond them, are thus
engraved ; over all of them once lay an ice sheet at least
twice as large as that which now swathes Greenland ; and
this so little time ago that the ice scorings are still fresh,
where protected only by a thin layer of drift. The ice
moved outwards towards its margin; and in Maine this
was to the south-southeast. We must imagine it advan-
cing beyond the present coast line, and terminating in an
ice wall in the sea, yielding innumerable icebergs to float
for a time southward in the cold 'long-shore current.

There is a curious transportation of boulders that must
be associated with the glacial scoring of the rocks, for it
runs in the same direction, and it is of too great an amount
to be of postglacial date. It is true that on the young
sea cliffs, and at the foot of many of the steeper ledges
on the mountain sides, the wasting of the rock progresses
rapidly, and blocks have been loosened and moved over
short distances, or have fallen down the talus slopes, since
the ice sheet retreated ; but so local a distribution of rock
fragments will by no means account for the long carriage
of the innumerable boulders that are scattered far and
wide over the country. Boulders of the easily recognized
greenish schists of the western coast of the Island are
found removed southward from their parent ledges, in

GEOLOGY OF MOUNT DESERT. 65

areas underlain by rocks of other kinds. Boulders from
the granite of the central belt are moved southward in
plenty over the surface of the bedded and volcanic rocks.
Not only so ; blocks of a coarse gray granite, easily known
by its large crystals of whitish feldspar, but not occurring
in the rocky structure of the island, are found here and
there over its surface. They come .from the mainland,
where this kind of granite is well known. One of these
boulders was to be seen, some years ago, close to the
summit of Green Mountain. Further than this, there are
fragments, generally of less than a foot in diameter, of a
fossiliferous shaly flagstone, sparingly distributed over the
western half of the Island ; these are easily identified as
belonging to a belt of Devonian strata some miles north-
ward from the mainland coast. No such rocks occur in
place on the Island. All of this peculiar transportation of
erratic boulders is ascribed to the ice sheet, aided in some
cases by its subglacial streams. The boulders are simply
the larger fragments that the ice sheet dragged along
beneath it, or carried in its lower portion.

The unconsolidated drift by which the lower rocky floor
of the island is generally covered frequently possesses a
structure that gives still further indication of land-ice
action. Its lower part, lying close packed on the striated
bedrock, is a compact unstratified mass of stones, sand,
and clay ; the stones are of both local and distant origin,
being more worn and striated if from a distance, while
those that have been brought but a little way show fewer
signs of severe usage. Deposits of this kind are called by
the Scotch name, till. They are very generally spread over
the New England plateau, where they diminish the rugged-
ness of the rocky surface. Till also occurs in the valleys ;
but here it is often covered over by water-washed sands or
clays of somewhat later date. On the " Monadnocks," the
till is scanty : above five or six hundred feet, the Mount

66 AN OUTLINE OF THE

Desert range exposes a large surface of bare rock. In
many parts of New England, the till is accumulated in
large rounded hills, of oval outline and smoothly rounded
profile, called by the Irish name, drumlins. These are
common in the neighborhood of Boston, and further inland
about Brookfield and Pomfret; but with half an exception
they are absent on Mount Desert. This half exception is
the long smooth northern slope of Beech Hill, southwest
of Somesville; apparently a deposit of till simulating a
half-drumlin form, extending only northward from the
rocky knob of the hill summit ; while to the south, where
a completed drumlin would descend symmetrically, there
is a rocky slope.

Under the ice and in its lower part many blocks were
moved from their native ledges ; the preglacial soil was
scraped off, and the rock beneath was rubbed down. Val-
leys were deepened and hills were degraded ; but by com-
paring regions inside and outside of the glaciated area, it is
plain that as a rule no great erosion of hard rocks must be
attributed to glacial action. The excavation of our valleys
in the uplifted peneplain was a large piece of work com-
pared to the scraping of the surface by the ice sheet ; and
the time required for the valley making was much longer
than the duration of the ice invasion. Yet on Mount
Desert there are certain considerable topographic features
whose origin has no other explanation than excavation by
the rough-shod ice. These are the deep transverse valleys
by which the mountain range is so curiously divided. In
its moderate length of twelve miles, it is notched almost
down to or beneath sea level no less than nine times.
Instead of a mountain ridge as continuous as the granite
of the central belt, we have a beautifully diversified succes-
sion of rounded domes, separated by deep gorges ; and in
nearly every gorge there is a lake or an arm of the sea,
almost directly in the axis of the range. There is no

GEOLOGY OF MOUNT DESERT. 67

understanding of this exceptional form, unless it can be
explained as a glacial modification of a mountain range
previously serrated by transverse notches of moderate
depth, down from which lateral ravines descended to the
lowlands, north and south. It has therefore been sup-
posed that the more rapid flow of the ice through these
preglacial passes gouged them out as deep as the open
lowland on either side, or even deeper.

There are few well marked examples on Mount Desert
of the curious deposits of gravel and sand, elsewhere com-
mon enough in New England, that were formed during the
closing stages of the ice period. Many of the mainland
valleys are half clogged with heaps, ridges, or plains of
these loose materials, lying upon scored rock or upon a
varying sheet of till ; their origin being ascribed to streams
that ran from the waning ice sheet, discharging their load
of sand and gravel in the open spaces along the ice border.
The absence of such gravels on Mount Desert would imply
that during the disappearance of the ice sheet the streams
from the mainland avoided the island, and followed by
preference the lower districts east or west. The surface
deposits of drift are, however, frequently of a gravelly
nature, especially at altitudes above that of the clays later
described, and below elevations of four to six hundred feet ;
and these may be ascribed to the wash of streams and
currents as the ice melted away. Above the head of Bass
Harbor, they attain an uneven form, characteristic of the
gravel mounds or kames of the mainland ; but this is
exceptional on the Island.

Postglacial History.

What with the deepening of the transverse valleys and
the irregular deposition of the till over the rocky floor,
we find the drainage of the Island peculiarly embarrassed
since the disappearance of the ice. In preglacial time,

68 AN OUTLINE OF THE

when the drahiage lines had been for a long time under
control of sub-aerial streams, it is most probable that there
were no lakes on the Island in which the streams were
detained on their way to the sea ; now there are twelve
lakes, several of them of good size and most picturesquely
placed amid the mountains. If the land stood a little
higher, Somes Sound would be transformed into a lake,
for its waters are deeper in the line of the mountain range
than farther south at its Narrows. It is interesting to
notice that the streams which enter Denning Pond (Echo
Lake) and Great Pond come from the south, the head-
waters of the latter lying distinctly beyond the axis of the
range ; and that the northward outlets of these lakes lead
their waters into the head of Somes Sound, through which
they pass back again southward across the line of the
range to the sea. Such an arrangement of streams would
be unnatural or impossible in a region whose drainage
had been developed under the ordinary processes of at-
mospheric wasting ; and must be, with the occurrence of
the lakes deep in the mountain axis, referred to glacial
action. It is noteworthy, however, that while the rock
scorings, the transported boulders, and the till are all
taken as demonstrating the existence of an ice sheet in
the recent past, the occurrence of the lakes and of the
reversed or northward drainage is not generally regarded
as belonging in the same demonstrative category. The
latter facts may be plausibly explained by the action of
the ice, the existence of which is to be otherwise demon-
strated, rather than regarded as independent indications
of ice action, even in the absence of other evidence.

The altitude of the land at the time when the ice inva-
sion began is not known, except that for a considerable
preglacial time it must have been somewhat higher than
now, to allow the excavation as land valleys of the many
arms of the sea that now break up the coast line of Maine.

GEOLOGY OF MOUNT DESERT. 69

But at the closing stages of the ice invasion and for a time
afterwards, the land must have stood lower than now ; for
beds of stratified clay bearing marine fossils are found at
various points on the lowland of the Island and the main-
land, up to about two hundred feet above the present sea
level. Judging by the relation of these clays to the washed
gravels and sands on the higher slopes, it is probable that
the submergence about the close of glacial time amounted
here to at least three hundred feet. The clays are relatively
scanty on the southern side of the Island ; they are exposed
above the shores of Wasgatt Cove, near the Narrows of
Somes Sound, and in Seal Harbor. On the northern low-
land, they have a wide extension, and conceal the rocky
floor over much of the district. On the mainland, the
clays and sands are so plentiful over the coastal lowland
that they greatly diminish the ruggedness of the rolling
foundation on which they lie ; and they efficiently aid the
deposits of till in displacing the rivers from their preglacial
courses.

During the depression indicated by these stratified de-
posits, Mount Desert was not a single island, but a row of
imperfectly connected mountains. Somes Sound was then
a thoroughfare, and had several fellows on either side.
Nearly all the lower stretches of the Island were sub-
merged. Not only so ; at that time the scanty remnants
of rocks other than the granite, now visible in patches
along the shore, must have been entirely concealed beneath
the sea. The geological structure then visible would have
been extremely simple.

The depression of the land about the close of the glacial
period cannot have been maintained long at any one level,
for nowhere on the slopes of the island are there shore
lines of as great distinctness as those which mark the
present margin of the sea. A depression of much more
than three hundred feet has been inferred by Professor

70 AN OUTLINE OF THE

Shaler, but if it amounted to as great a measure as he
concludes it must have been of brief duration, as its
records are indistinct.

At the present time the land has but partially recovered
from the late glacial submergence. Many of the preglacial
valleys and valley lowlands are submerged as sounds and
bays, and the coast line is probably at least twenty or
thirty miles farther inland than it was in preglacial time.
It is for this reason that Mount Desert is isolated from
the mainland, and that the many other islands fringe the
coast. All of these were once hills on a coastal lowland,
and when thus exposed there would have been better
opportunity than now of discovering the true history of
the pre-granitic rocks.

While in its present attitude, the s'ea has begun to make
its mark along the shore. As is the habit on steep coasts
of hard rock, the waves excavate caves wherever the rate
of cutting on the water line at the base of the slope is
faster than the wasting of the slope above ; but it is
seldom that this relation is found unless aided by joints or
other lines of structural weakness in the rocks near sea
level. Generally the wasting of the face of tlie slope on
young shore lines about keeps pace with the undercutting
of the waves at the base ; and thus a rocky bench is
formed a little below water level, surmounted by such
vertical faces as Great Head and Otter Cliffs. A consid-
erable part of our rocky shore is benched in this manner,
but less emphatically. At other parts of the shore, where
the land slope is more gentle, yet well exposed to inrolling
surf, the loose rocks gathered from the adjacent headlands,
and carried in by storm waves from the shelving bottom,
are thrown along the water's edge a little beyond high-
water mark, making a sea wall, such as occurs in a
re-entrant on the shore south of Southwest Harbor. In
more protected situations, the embankment formed by the

GEOLOGY OF MOUNT DESERT. 71

waves consists only of cobble stones, or of gravel and
sand, as at various points along the western coast. The
embankment may be built across the mouth of a bay, thus
enclosing Long Pond from Bracy Cove, east of Northeast
Harbor ; or it may stretch out and tie an island to the
shore, as at Bar Harbor. Bars of this kind are better
developed on sandier and shallower shores than on the
steep and broken coast of Mount Desert.

As the waves rise and fall in broken rhythm on the
shore, as the tide flows and ebbs across the littoral belt,
so the seas of former times have risen and fallen in
uneven measure on the uneasy land ; the rocks have
grown and wasted ; the ice of the North has crept down
and melted away ; — all shifting back and forth in their
cycles of change. Only one scene lies before us of the
many that have floated through the past.

FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS.

Series I. PHANEROGAMIA ; FLOWERING PLANTS.

Class I. DICOTYLEDONES ANGIOSPERME^.

Division I. POLYPETAL^.

RANUNCULACE^. Crowfoot Family.
CLEMATIS, L. Virgin's Bower.
C. Virginiana, L.

Thickets; infrequent. Wasgatt Brook; mouth of Hadlock
Brook (J. L. Wakefield) ; — Northeast Harbor, etc. (Rand) ; —
Duck Brook (Rand, F. M. Day) ; — on Doctors Brook (R. &
R.); — Echo Notch (Redfield).

ANEMONE, L. Wind-flower.
A. uemorosa, L.

Rare; apparently occurring only in the southeastern part
of the Island. Otter Creek (Grace H. Eliot) ; — near Schooner
Head (Clara L. Walley, Mary Minot).

THALICTRUM, L. Meadow Rue.

T. polygamum, Muhl. T, Cornuti, Man., 5th ed., non L.*
Common in wet ground, by streams, etc.

RANUNCULUS, L. Crowfoot. Buttercup.
R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. Seaside Crowfoot.
Sandy or muddy shores on the coast; common.

* See Trelease in Bot. Gaz., xL 92.

76 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

R. Flammula, L., var. reptans (L.), E, Meyer, Creeping
Spearwort.
Gravelly shores; infrequent. Pool near Schooner Head (Ked-
field, G. Hunt) ; — shores of Great Pond; Ripples Pond (Kand).

R. abortivus, L. Small-flowered Crowfoot.

Grassy fields; rare. Southwest Harbor; Somesville; Bar
Harbor (Rand). Probably introduced in grass seed.

R. recurvatus, Poir.

Rare. Hadlock Valley (Redfield).
R. repens, L. Spotted-leaf Buttercup.

Frequent in moist ground by roadsides, in meadows, etc.
While in some places, as by roadsides, this species is doubt-
less introduced, it appears indigenous in others. It is not
so abundant on the Island as to lead to any strong presump-
tion of its general introduction, or of its spreading to some
remote places.

R. ACRIS, L. Tall Buttercup.

Common everywhere. Naturalized from Europe.

COPTIS, Salisb. Goldthread.
C. trifolia (L.), Salisb.
Common in damp woods.

AQUILEGIA, L. Columbine.
A. Canadensis, L.

Rare. High Head (Rand); — East Point, Seal Harbor (A.
Cope).
A. VULGARIS, L. Garden Columbine.

Occasional by roadsides and in waste places. Escaped from
cultivation. Near Jordan Pond (Rand) ; — near Ovens (Green-
leaf, Lane & Rand) ; — Town Hill (R. & R.).

ACT-fflA, L. Baneberry.
A. alba (L.), Miller.

Deep woods; infrequent. Sargent Mt. Gorge, etc. (Rand); —
Hadlock Valley (Redfield); — near Bar Harbor (F. M. Day).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 77

BERBERIDACE^. Barberry Family.
BERBERIS, L. Barberry.
B. VULGARIS, L. Common Barberry.

Escaped from gardens, or rarely spontaneous. Roadside north
of Seal Harbor, — this station now destroyed (Rand, Redfield) ; —
clearing, Canada Valley (Rand) ; — roadside near Norwood Cove
(Rand, Annie S. Downs); — Ox Hill, Seal Harbor (Redfield).

NYMPH^^ACE^. Water-lily Family.
BRASENIA, Schreb. Water Shield.

B. peltata (Thunb.), Pursh.

Abundant in Witch Hole (Rand, Redfield, F. M. Day) ; —
Somes Pond (R. & R., M. L. Fernald); — Ripples Pond (Rand).

NYMPH^A, L. Water-lily.
N. odorata, Ait.

Common in ponds and meadow streams. A form with very
small flowers, Mountain Pond, Sargent Mt. (Rand).

NUPHAR, Smith. Cow-lily. Spatter Dock. Yellow
Pond-lily.
N. advena, Ait. f.

Common in ponds, slow streams, and bog holes.

SARRACENIACEiE. Pitcher-plant Family.
SARRACENIA, L. Pitcher-plant. Side-saddle Flower.
S. purpurea, L.

Common in peat bogs.

FUMARIACEiE. Fumitory Family.
CORYDALIS, Vent.

C. glauca (Moench), Pursh.

Rocky ground and burnt clearings; frequent, but nowhere in
great abundance.

78 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

FUMARIA, L. Fumitory.

F. OFFICINALIS, L.

Waste ground, Great Cranberry Isle (R. & R.). Adventive
from Europe.

CRUCIFER^. Mustard Family.

CARDAMINE, L. Bitter Cress.
C. hirsuta, L.

Frequent in brooks and on pond shores. So far as known the
Island plants are all glabrous, and in other respects do not cor-
respond to the typical European plant. Whether our common
American plant is not specifically distinct seems to be an open
question. That it is so distinct, see N. L. Britton, Bull. Torr.
Bot. Club, xix. 219. As, however, there appear to be inter-
mediate forms, perhaps it would be wiser to give it only varietal
rank. The Mt. Desert forms can perhaps be classified under
the three following heads for convenience, although ajjparently
there are no well defined dividing lines between them.

(a) Forma Pennsylvanica. C. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. Gla-
brous; large and leafy; few, if any, radical leaves; pods linear;
pedicels somewhat divergent. Roadside ditch between Town
Hill and Northwest Cove; near outlet of Great Pond; In-
tervale Brook (Rand).

(/3) Like the last, but with widely divergent pedicels, and
thicker, much shorter pods. The most common form. Brook,
Clark Valley ; Cold Brook ; Intervale Brook (Rand) ; —
Doctors Brook ; Stanley Brook (Redfield) ; — Deer Brook
(R. & R.).

(y) A form more nearly corresponding to typical C. hirsuta.
Glabrous ; radical leaves rosulate ; pedicels erect or som..-
what spreading ; style short and stout ; pods variable in
length and thickness. Shores of Northwest Arm, Great
Pond (Rand, M. L. Fernald).

C. parviflora, L.

Leaflets mostly linear; radical leaves few or none; pods
linear, erect on spreading pedicels. In dry ground, or among
moist rocks; rare. Little Duck Island; Flying Mt. (Rand).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 79

NASTURTIUM, R. Br. Water Cress.
N. palustre (Leys.), DC. Marsh Cress.

Eare. Field, Somesville (Rand). Doubtless introduced.

N. Armoracia (L.), Fries. Horseradish.

Rare. Escaped from cultivation to waste places. Somesville
(Rand). Adventive from Europe.

BARBAREA, R. Br. Winter Cress.
B. vulgaris, R. Br. Yellow Rocket.

Rare. Wayside, Bar Harbor (Rand). Lately introduced.

SISYMBRIUM, L. Hedge Mustard.
S. OFFICINALE (L.), Scop. Common Hedge Mustard.
Roadsides and waste places. Naturalized from Europe.

BRASSICA, L.
B. SiNAPlSTRUM, Boiss. Charlock.

Old fields and waste places ; infrequent. Northeast Har-
bor; Southwest Harbor; Somesville (Rand). Adventive from
Europe.

B. NIGRA (L.), Koch. Black Mustard.

Old fields and waste places; frequent. Northeast Harbor;
High Head; beach, Greening Island; Southwest Harbor (Rand).
Adventive from Europe.

B. CAMPESTRIS, L. Turnip.

Old fields and waste places; frequent. Somesville (R. &
R.) ; — Seal Harbor (Redfield) ; — Southwest Harbor; Northeast
Harbor (Rand). Introduced from Europe.

CAPSELLA, Medic. Shepherd's Purse.

C. BuRSA-PASTORis (L.), Moench.

A common weed, — even at Duck Islands (Redfield). Natural-
ized from Europe.

80 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

LEPIDIUM, L. Peppekgkass.
L. Virginicum, L.

Eoadsides ; rare. Southwest Harbor (M. L. Fernald) ; —
Somesville (Rand); — Bar Harbor (W. H. Manning). Recently
introduced from the South.

CAKILE, Gsertn. Sea Rocket.
C. Americana, Nutt.

Common on sea beaches.

RAPHANUS, L. Radish.
R. Raphanistkum, L. Wild Radish. Jointed Charlock.

Old fields and waste places; frequent. Northeast Harbor
(W.H.Dunbar); — Southwest Harbor; Beech Hill; Somesville;
Bar Harbor, etc. (Rand). Adventive from Europe.

CISTACE^. RocK-RosE Family.
HUDSONIA, L.
H. ericoides, L. Heath-like Hudsonia.

Frequent on mountain summits. Also on borders of Sea Wall
Swamp, and on Bass Harbor road (Annie S. Downs).

LECHEA, L. PiNWEED.
L. minor, L., var.

Very common in dvy soil. The form found on the Island cor-
responds to L. intermedia, Leggett MS. = L. Leggettii, Britt. &
Holl., var. intermedia (Legg.), Britt. & Holl., — according to
Dr. K L. Britton.

VIOLACEiE. Violet Family. -^

VIOLA, L. Violet.
V. palmata, L., var. cucuUata (Ait.), Gray.

Common, mostly in moist ground. Very variable.
Forma albiflora.

Flowers pure white. Occasional. Emery District (Wm. C
Lane).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 81

Forma variegata.

Flowers blue, mottled with white. Occasional. Southwest
Harbor; Somesville (Kand).

V. sagittata, Ait. Arrow-leaved Violet.

Frequent in open dry ground, — pastures and hillsides.

V. blanda, Willd. Sweet White Violet.
Common in wet places.

Var. renifolia, Gray. Kidney-leaved Violet.

Occasional. Southwest Harbor (Greenleaf, Lane & Rand) ; —
old Beech Hill road, head of Norwood Cove (Rand).

Var. palustriformis, Gray.

Not uncommon in mossy ground. Seal Harbor (Redfield) ; —
Southwest Harbor (M. L. Fernald).

V. primulsefolia, L. Prihrose-leaved Violet.

Infrequent. Southwest Harbor (Greenleaf, Lane & Rand,
M. L. Fernald); — old road to Beech Hill, head of Norwood
Cove ; shore of Pond Heath (Rand) .

V. lanceolata, L. Lance-leaved Violet.
Common in wet places and roadside ditches.

V. canina, L., var. Muhlenbergii (Torr.), Gray. Dog Violet.
Rare. Bar Harbor (Margaret A. Rand).

Var. puberula, S. Watson.

Frequent in dry soil. High Head; pasture near Pond Heath;
Northwest Cove (Rand); — Bar Harbor (Mary Minot).

V. TRICOLOR, L. Pansy. Heart's-ease. Ladies' Delight.

Escaped from cultivation. Bar Harbor (W. H. Manning).
Adventive from Europe.

82 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

CARYOPHYLLACEiE.

DIANTHUS, L. Pink.
D. DELTOTDES, L. Maiden Pink.

Well established in field, Bar Harbor (Mar}' Minot); — field,
Northeast Harbor (B. E. J. Gresham). Adventive from Europe.

SAPONARIA, L.
S. Vaccaria, L. Cow Herb.

Uncoinmon. By roadside, Town Hill; in old grain field. South-
west Harbor (Rand). Adventive from Europe.

SILENE, L. Catchfly. Campion.

S. NOCTIFLOBA, L. NiGHT-FLOWERING CaTCHFLY.

Occasional in waste places. Roadside near Sargent Cove;
Somesville ; Southwest Harbor (Rand). Adventive from Europe.

S. Armeria, L. Sweet William Catchfly.

Occasionally escaped from gardens to roadsides and waste
places. Southwest Harbor; Sea Wall; between Fernald and
Norwood Coves (Rand"). Adventive from Europe.

S. CucuBALUS, Wibel. S. inflata, Smith. Bladder Campion.

Well established in field. Bar Harbor (Mary Minot), Ad-
ventive from Europe.

S. NUTANS, L.

Well established in field. Bar Harbor, although not abundant
(Mary Minot). Adventive from Europe.

LYCHNIS, L. Cockle.
L. VESPERTINA, Sibth. Evening Ly'chnis. White Campion.

Rare. Waste ground, Fernald Point (Rand). Adventive
from Europe.

L. GiTHAGO (L.), Scop. Corn Cockle.

Fields a.nd roadsides; occasional. Southwest Harbor; North-
east Harbor (Rand) ; — Bracy Cove (Wm. C. Lane) ; — Seal Har-
bor (Redfield). Adventive from Europe.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 83

ARENARIA, L. Sandwort.
A. Groenlandica (Retz), Spreng.

Frequent on mountain summits; often on rocky hills of less
altitude; and less frequently on headlands and rocky shores by
the sea, as at Bar Harbor (Rand). At Mt. Desert this plant
blooms throughout the entire season from early June to October,
the later flowers, however, being much smaller in size and fewer
in number.

A. lateriflora, L.

Common; fields, thickets, and banks by the seashore. Also
Duck Islands (Elizabeth G. Britton).

STELLARIA, L. Chickweed. Starwort.
S. MEDIA (L.), Smith. Common Chickweed.

Common in cultivated and waste grounds. Naturalized from
Europe.

S. longifolia, Muhl. Long-leaved Starwort.

Rare. Damp ground on Intervale Brook, near Hulls Cove
(R. & R.).

S. GRAMINEA, L. English Starwort.

Becoming frequent in grassy places. Bass Harbor road, near
Southwest Harbor; Southwest Harbor; Northwest Cove; Town
Hill (Rand); — Northeast Harbor (Redfield). Adventive from
Europe.

S. uliginosa, Murr. Swamp Starwort.

Rare. In wet ground and roadside ditch, east side of North-
east Harbor (T. Meehan & Redfield).

S. borealis, Bigel. Northern Starwort.

Frequent in wet ground. Little Harbor Brook Notch, Somes-
ville (Rand); — Long Pond meadows (Wm. C. Lane); — Green
Mt. ; Bear Island (Redfield); — Otter Creek (T. G. White).

S. humifusa, Rottb.

Rare. Salt marsh, Little Cranberry Isle (Redfield). There
is only one other station for this plant within the limits of Gray's
Manual, but it is common farther north.

84 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

CERASTIUM, L. Mouse-ear Chickweed.

C. VULGATUM, L. Gray, Manual, 6tb ed. C. viscosum of
Man., 5tli ed.

Fields and waste places; common. Naturalized from Europe.
C. arvense, L. Field Chickweed.

Eare. Duck Islands (Rand, Redfield, Annie S. Downs); —
field near Ship Harbor (Redfield & Faxon).

SAGINA, L. Peaklwobt.

S. procumbens, L.

Springy places and wet rocks; frequent. Sea Wall (H. C.
Jones); — Flying Mt. ; Somesville ; Southwest Valley road,
etc. (Rand) ; — Cranberry Isles (Redfield, Wm. C. Lane) ; —
Duck Islands (Redfield) ; — Great Head (F. M. Day).

S. nodosa (L.), Fenzl. Knotty Pearlwort.

Crevices of rocks and gravelly banks; rare. Bar Harbor
(Rand, Kate Furbish) ;— The Cliffs, Seal Harbor (Rand).

BUDA, Adans. {Spergularia, Presl.) Sand Spurbey.

B. rubra (L.), Dumort. Spergidaria rubra (L.), Presl. Pink
Sand Spurrey.

Frequent; dry sandy soil, and occasionally on sea beaches.
]\Ianchester Point, Northeast Harbor ; Bar Harbor (Rand) ; —
Seal Harbor; jSTortheast Harbor ; Little Cranberry Isle (Red-
field); — Great Cranberry Isle; Fernald Point (R. & R.); — on
beach, Great Cranberry Isle (Rand). This plant in dry soil is
strictly procumbent, usually undersized and dwarfed; on beaches
it becomes large and widely spreading.

B. marina (L.), Dumort. Spergularia salina, Presl.

Sea beaches; rare. Sutton Island; Great Cranberry Isle
(Rand).

B. borealis, S. Watson. Spergularia horealis (S, Watson),
Robinson.
Frequent on sea beaches and salt marshes. Wasgatt Cove
(J. L. Wakefield); — Somesville; Little Cranberry Isle (Red-

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 85

field); — Southwest Harbor; Sea Wall; Norwood Cove; High
Head; Bar Harbor, etc. (Rand); — Great Cranberry Isle (R.
& E.).

SPERGULA, L. Spurkey.

S. ARVEXSIS, L. Corn Spurkey.

A common weed in cultivated ground. Adventive from
Europe.

Forma rubra.

Flowers deep pink. Field, Salisbury Cove (Eand).

PORTULACACE^. Purslane Family.
MONTIA, L. Blinks.

Sepals 2, ovate, persistent, herbaceous. Petals 5, united at
base, 3 somewhat smaller. Stamens 3, rarely more, on the tube
of the corolla. Ovarj^ free, 3-ovuled : style 3-cleft, very short.
Capsule 3-valved, 3-seeded. Seeds black, dull, tuberculate, rarely
smoothish or shining. — A small branching glabrous succulent
annual, with opposite leaves, and small axillary or racemose
flowers. Bot. Cal., i. 77.

M. fontana, L.

Stems procumbent or ascending, 1 to 3 inches long: leaves
spatulate to linear oblanceolate, 3 to 9 lines long: flowers a line
long or less: capsule globose. (Bot. Cal., l. c.) Pare. Damp,
brackish ground, Great Cranberry Isle (Rand) ; — Great Duck
Island (Redtield). The only stations thus far known within the
limits of Gray's Manual, or in Eastern U. S. Common, however,
farther north, and on Pacific shores.

PORTULACA, L. Purslane.

P. OLERACEA, L. Purslane. Porslet.

Cultivated and waste grounds. Bar Harbor (Rand, W. H.
Manning); — Long Pond (Rand). As yet a very uncommon
weed on the Island, and probably introduced since 1880. Natu-
ralized from Europe.

86 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

ELATINACE^. Waterwort Family.

ELATINE, L. Waterwort.

E. Americana (Pursh), Arn.

Rare. Margin of Somes Stream and of Mill Pond, Somesville
(Rand, M. L. Fernald).

HYPERICACE^. St. John's-wort Family.

HYPERICUM, L. St. John's-wort.

* H. adpressum, Bart.

Rare. Adventive from farther south. Along the railroad,
Green Mountain (Arnold Greene).

H. ellipticum, Hook.

Wet places and bogs; frequent. Pond Heath; Northeast
Harbor; Southwest Harbor; High Head, etc. (Rand) ; — Somes-
ville (R. & R.); — Squid Cove (Redfield).

H. PERFORATUM, L. COMMON St. John's-wort.

Fields and roadsides ; frequent in some parts of the Island-
A well known weed. Naturalized from Europe.

H. mutilum, L.

Frequent in low grounds and wet places. Outlet of Great
Pond; Southwest Harbor; Somesville, etc. (Rand); — shores of
Great Pond (Redfield).

H. Canadense, L.

Common in wet, sandy soil.

Var. majus, Gray.

Frequent. Southwest Harbor; Northeast Harbor; Denning
Brook; Long Pond meadows; Somesville; shores of Jordan
Pond and Great Pond ; Bass Harbor, etc. (Rand) ; — Seal Har-
bor; Little Cranberry Isle (Redfield).

Two somewhat peculiar forms of this variety are sometimes
met with on the Island: —

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 87

(a) Simple ; leaves ascending and somewhat appressed.
Southwest Harbor, etc. (Rand).

(yS) Leaves broadly lanceolate, more or less strongly five-
nerved at the base. Intervale Brook; Southwest Harbor, etc.
(Rand) ; — shores of Jordan Pond (Redfield).

H. nudicaule, Walt. H. Sarothra, Mx. Pine Weed. Orange
Grass.

Sandy or gravelly soil, roadsides and mountain tops; common.
The mountain form is exceedingly dwarfed, often being no more
than a single unbranched stem, less than one inch in height.

ELODES, Adans. Marsh St. John's-wort.
E. campanulata (Walt.), Pursh. E. Virginica (L.), N"utt.
Common in swamps and bogs, and on borders of ponds.

MALVACEAE. Mallow Family.
MALVA, L. Mallow.
M. rotundifolia, L. Common Mallow. Cheeses.

Waste and cultivated grounds about dwellings; not very com-
mon. Naturalized from Europe.

M. Alcea, L.

Escaped to roadsides between Town Hill and Salisbury Cove
(M. L. Fernald). Adventive from Europe.

LINACEiE. Plax Family.
LINUM, L. Flax.

L. USITATISSIMUM, L. CoMMON Flax.

Uncommon. Roadsides near Seal Cove, and about Southwest
Harbor; abundant in grain field, Southwest Harbor (Rand).
Adventive from Europe.

88 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

GERANIACE^. Geranium Family.
GERANIUM. L.
G. Robertianum, L. Herb Robert.

Frequent in clamp, rocky places, especially at head of sea
beaches. Abundant on Cranberry Isles (R. & R., F. M.
Day);— Flying Mt. (Rand) ; — Bald Porcupine Island (W.
H. Manning).

G. Carolinianum, L.

Frequent in waste places and clearings. Southwest Harbor
(Harriet A. Hill); — roadside near Denning Pond (Annie S.
Downs); — Somesville; Town Hill; Huljs Cove; High Head;
Bubble Pond, etc. (Rand); — Seal Harbor (Redfield); — Bar
Harbor (W. H. Manning).

OXALIS, L. Wood Sorrel.
0. Acetosella, L.

Common in mossy ground, deep cold woods. This plant is
believed to be the true Irish Shamrock, although the emblem is
now commonly represented by species of Trifolium.

0. corniculata, L., var. stricta (L.), Sav.
Common, mostly in open ground.

IMPATIENS, L. Balsam. Jewel Weed.

1. fulva, Nutt. Spotted Touch-me-not. Wild Balsam.

Moist places; common. A spurless form, Sea Wall (Rand).
Forma albiflora.

Flowers white or cream-color, spotted with pink; stems anj
foliage very pale. Southwest Harbor (Rand).

ILICINE^. Holly Family.
ILEX, L. Holly.
I. verticillata (L.), Gray. Black Alder.
Low grounds and thickets; common.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 89

Var. tenuifolia, Torr.

Leaves petiolate, obovate, thin, smooth beneath except a
slight pubescence on the midrib, uncinately serrate, obtuse, or
more commonly mucronate-tipped; pistillate flowers 4-5-cleft,
commonly solitary, short-pedicelled; berries scarlet. A shrub
about 5° high with very slender branches. Torr. Fl. North.
States, 338. A woodland form, appearing most distinct from
the type.* On Denning Brook, Somesville (M. L. Fernald).

NEMOPANTHES, Raf. Mountain Holly.
N. fascicularis, Raf. N. Canadensis (Mx.), DC.
Damp ground; common.

VITACE^. Vine Family.
AMPELOPSIS, Mx.
A. quinquefolia (L.), Mx. Virginian Creeper. Woodbine.

Common in cultivation, and often escaped to roadsides and
waste places. Squid Cove; Southwest Harbor; Somesville
(Rand). There is no satisfactory evidence that this plant is
indigenous on the Island. Introduced from farther south.

SAPINDACE^. Soapberry Family.
ACER, L. Maple.
A. Pennsylvanicum, L. Striped Maple.

Common in woodlands.
A. spicatum, Lam. Mountain Maple.

Common in rocky woods.
A. saccharinum, Wang. Sugar Maple.

Infrequent. Sargent District, etc. (Rand) ; — Seal Harbor,
etc. (Redfield) ; — near Bar Harbor (W. H. Manning).

A. rubrum, L. Red Maple.

Common in swamps and damp ground.

* See also Britton in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xvii. 314.

90 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

ANACARDIACE^. Cashew Family.

RHUS, L. Sumach.

R. typhina, L. Staghorn Sumach.

Hillsides, etc. ; frequent, but ratlier local.

R. Toxicodendron, L. Poison Ivy.

Thickets and low grounds ; frequent, but local in its distri-
bution. Common on cliffs and rocky banks by the seashore; —
Pierce Head; Little Harbor; Hunters Beach; Roberts Point,
etc. (R. & R.) ; — especially on the southern shore of the
Island. It is also found in some abundance about Somesville
and vicinity in low grounds and by roadsides. Poisonous to
the touch.

POLYGALACE^. Milkwort Family.

POLYGALA, L. Milkwort.

P. paucifolia, Willd. Fringed Poltgala.

Infrequent and local. Reported by various collectors from
different parts of the region south and east of Salisbury Cove.
Also found southwest of Youngs District (Clara L. Walley,
Greenleaf, Lane & Rand).

P. sanguinea, L.

Infrequent. Fields, Bar Harbor ; Southwest Harbor (Rand) ; — -
Long Pond meadows (Redfield) ; — " Mt. Desert " (R. H. Day).

P. verticillata, L.

Rare. Fields, Norwood Road, Southwest Harbor (Rand,
Anna H. Bee).

LEGUMINOS^. Pulse Family.

TRIFOLIUM, L. Clover. Trefoil.

T. ARVENSE, L. Rabbit-foot Clover.

Old fields, roadsides, etc. ; common. Naturalized from Europe.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 91

T. PRATENSE, L. Red Clover.

Fields and pastures ; common. Naturalized from Europe.

T. repens, L. White Clover.

Common everywhere in fields, pastures, and by waysides.
Naturalized from Europe, and possibly indigenous northward.

T. HTBRIDUM, L. Alsike Clover.

Eoadsides and fields; becoming common. This beautiful
clover was rare on the Island ten or twelve years ago. Since
that time it has appeared in increasing abundance every year.
It does not seem, however, to be cultivated, or introduced inten-
tionally. Naturalized from Europe.

T. AGRAEIUM, L. Hor Clover.

Infrequent in fields and by roadsides. Southwest Harbor
(Rand, Harriet A. Hill) ; — Seal Harbor (Redfield) ; — Bar
Harbor (Mary Minot) ; — Beech Hill (Eand) . Adventive from
Europe.

T. PROCUMBENS, L. Low Hop Clover.

Common in fields and by roadsides. Naturalized from
Europe, but appearing indigenous. Small, simple, erect forms
are common. This is ''the real Irish Shamrock" of the news-
papers, a long account of which appears regularly every two or
three years. The error has been exposed so many times that it
seems almost needless to refer to it here. (See Oxalis Acetosella,
page 88.)

MELILOTUS, Juss. Melilot.

M. OFFICINALIS (L.), Willd.

Sparingly introduced in grass fields. Seal Harbor (Lizzie
Churchill). Adventive from Europe.

M. ALBA, Lam.

By waysides and in waste ground ; more common than the
last. Goose Cove (Wm. C. Lane); — Bar Harbor (F. M.

92 TLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

Day); — Somesville (Annie S. Downs); — Seal Harbor (Red
field, Lizzie Churchill); — Eden; Fernald Point (Rand). Ad-
ventive from Europe.

MEDICAGO, L. Medick.

M. LUPULIXA, L. Black Medick. Snails.

Sparingly introduced. Beach, Sea Wall (Rand); — Bar Har-
bor (Mary Minot). Adventive from Europe.

ROBINIA, L. Locust-tree.

R. Pseudacacia, L. Common Locust.

Escaped from cultivation to roadsides. Southwest Harbor;
Somesville; Town Hill, etc. (Rand) ;-— Seal Harbor (Redfield).
Adventive from the Middle States.

R. viscosa, Vent. Clammy Locust.

Escaped from cultivation. Roadside, Northeast Harbor (Red-
field). Adventive from the mountains of the Southern States.

DESMODIUM, Desv. Tick Trefoil.

D. acuminatum (IMx.), DC.

Rare. Clearing, Northwest Arm woods, Great Pond (Annie
S. Downs). Perhaps introduced, as this species has not as yet
been found elsewhere on the island.

VICIA, L. Vetch. Tare.
V. SATIVA, L. Common Vetch, or Tare.

Common, especially on sea beaches. Naturalized from Europe.
A very pubescent form with flowers often peduncled, Bar Har-
bor (Mary Minot).

V. Cracca, L.

Frequent in fields. Southwest Harbor; Somesville, etc.
(Rand); — Northeast Harbor (R. & R.); — Seal Harbor (Sara

E. Boggs, Redfield) ; — Town Hill (Faxon & Rand) ; — Bar Har-
bor (Mary Minot, W. H. Manning).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 93

LATHYRUS, L. Everlasting Pea.
L. maritimus (L.), BigeL Beach Pea.
Very common on sea beaches.

L. palustris, L. Maksh Pea.

Moist places near the sea; frequent. Aunt Mollys Beach;
Southwest Harbor; Sea Wall; Great Cranberry Isle (Rand); —
Bar Island, Bar Harbor (F. M. Day) ; — Little Cranberry Isle ;
Seal Harbor (Redfield) ; — Norwood Cove (M. L. Fernald).

L. PRATENSIS, L. Field Pea.

Well established in field, Bar Harbor (Mary Minot). Natu-
ralized from Europe.

AMPHICARP^A, Ell. Hog Peanut.

A. monoica (L.), Ell.

Damp thickets on Somes Stream (Rand). Apparently indige-
nous, but perhaps introduced.

ROSACEA. Rose Family.
PRUNUS, L. Plum. Cherry.
P. Pennsylvanica, L. f. Wild Red Cherry.
Rocky soil, woods and thickets; very common.

P. Virginiana, L. Choke Cherry.

Waysides and thickets ; frequent. Salisbury Cove, etc.
(Rand);— Somesville (R. & R.); — Squid Cove (Redfield); —
Bar Harbor, etc. (F. M. Day) .

P. serotina, Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry.

Not uncommon about Somesville (Henry C. Jones, and
others) ; — Bar Harbor (W. H. Manning). Blooming later than
the preceding, which it much resembles.

94 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

SPIR-5:A, L. Meadow Sweet.
S. salicifolia, L. Common Meadow Sweet.
Low grounds and damp hillsides; common.

S. tomentosa, L. Hardhack.
Low grounds; common.

RUBUS, L. Raspberry. Blackberry.
R. odoratus, L. Purple Flowering Raspberry.

Occasional by roadsides. Emery District ; Southwest Harbor
(Rand); — Hulls Cove (R. H. Day). An evident escape from
cultivation. Adventive from beyond our limits.

R. Cliamasmorus, L. Baked Apple Berry.

Rare. The Heath, Great Cranberry Isle (R. & R.). Said to
grow in great abundance near Prospect Harbor, Gouldsborough,
on the mainland.

R. triflorus, Richards. Wood Raspberry.
Common in damp woods and in swamps.

R. strigosus, Mx. Wild Red Raspberry.

Very common everywhere, especially in clearings and old
fields.

R. villosus, Ait. High Blackberry.

Waysides, fields, and thickets ; very common.

Var. frondosus (Bigel.), Torr.

Frequent. Northwest Cove; about Somesville and elsewhere
(E. Faxon, R. & R.) ; — Bar Harbor (W. H. Manning).

Var. Randii, Bailey.

Low and diffuse, l°-2^° high, the canes bearing very few and
weak prickles, or often entirely unarmed, very slender and soft,
sometimes appearing as if nearly herbaceous; leaves verj' thin
and nearly or quite smooth beneath and on the petioles, the
teeth rather coarse and unequal ; cluster stout, with one or two
simple leaves in its base, not villous, and very slightly if at all

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 95

pubescent; flowers half or less the size of those of B. villosus ;
fruit small, dry, and "seed3^" Woods, Southwest Valley road
(Rand).

R. Canadensis, L. Low Blackberry. Dewberry.
Dry fields and roadsides; frequent.

R. hispidus, L. Running Swamp Blackberry.

Low grounds and by waysides; common.
R. setosus, Bigel.

Stouter than B. his2ndus, larger leaved, suberect or ascend-
ing, the older wood most densely clothed with slender, stiff,
slightly reflexed bristles; not evergreen; flowers usually small;
fruit reddish black, about 3" high; leaflets mostlj' acute, or
short acuminate, generally 5 on the leaves of the sterile shoots,
and 3 on the flowering branches, short petiolulate or sessile;
pedicels and petioles often with a few weak bristles, pubescent.
(See N. L. Britton in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xx. 278, whence
the above description is mainly taken.) Not uncommon. Somes-
ville; Beech Cliff; Oak Hill (Rand).

DALIBARDA, L.
D. repens, L.

Woods; common. Fertile flowers mainly, if not entirely,
cleistogamous, appearing rather earlier than the more showy
flowers. (See T. Meehan, Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sciences of
Phila., 1892, p. 371.)

GEUM, L. AvENS.
G. album, Gmelin.

Thickets; rare. Wasgatt Cove (Wm. H. Dunbar); — Somes-
ville (Rand); — near Somesville (Arnold Greene).

G. strictum, Ait.

Rare. Somesville (Rand). Perhaps introduced.
G. rivale, L. Water Avens.

Common in wet fields and meadows in the north and west of
the Island. Also Long Pond meadows (Redfield) ; — meadow at
Schooner Head (Robert B. Worthington) ; — Cold Brook (Rand).

96 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

FRAGARIA, L. Strawberry.
F. Virginiana, Mill.

Very common everywhere.

* F. vesca, L.

Fields and rocky places; rare.

POTENTILLA, L. Cinqttefoil.

P. Norvegica, L.

Fields and waste places; frequent.

P. Pennsylvanica, L.

Rare. North of the Island (Wm. C, Lane?).

P. argentea, L. Silvery Cinquefoil.

Dry ground; common.
P. palustris (L.), Scop. Mabsh Potentilla.

Bogs; rare. Somesville (Rand); — Great Cranberry Isle
(Redfield).

P. fruticosa, L. Shrubby Cinquefoil.

Infrequent. Asticou (Wm. G. Lane) ; — Sargent Mt. (Rand) ;
— Jordan Mt. (Arthur Chase) ; — Southwest Harbor (Annie S.
Downs) ; — Long Pond meadows (Redfield). Generally in dry
ground.

P. tridentata, Ait. White Potentilla.
Shores and mountain summits; common.

P. Anserina. Silver Weed.

Salt marshes and muddy beaches ; common on the coast.

P. Canadensis, L. Common Cinquefoil. Five-finger.

Fields and waysides; common. The typical form — which is
low or dwarf, silky-hairy, with prostrate and decumbent stems —
is rare. Northeast Harbor (Rand). The common form of the
Island is var. simplex (Mx.), T. & G. This is less hairy and
greener, larger, the ascending stem l°-2° long, seldom if ever

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 97

creeping; from a thicker and harder caudex; leaflets obovate-
oblong, sometimes almost glabrous. (Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. A.,
i. 443; Gray, Man., 5th ed. 154.) Although intermediate forms
between this and the type are found, it seems that this is a good
variety. Observations at Mt. Desert and elsewhere do not ac-
cord with those of Dr. N. L. Britton (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club,
xviii. 365).

AGRIMONIA, L. Agrimony.

A. Eupatoria, L. Common Agrimony.

Rare. Woods, Roberts Point, Northeast Harbor; woods, Had-
lock Upper Pond (Rand) ; — near Bar Harbor (W. H. Manning).

ROSA, L. Rose.

R. Carolina, L. Swamp Rose.

Swamps and borders of streams; frequent.

R. lucida, Ehrh. Common Wild Rose.

Abundant everywhere, usually in dry ground. A form with
downy petioles, in rich soil, north of Long Pond (Redfield).

R. humilis, Marsh.

A plant answering to the description of this species has been
found in woods, Somesville (M. L. Fernald). It is very de-
sirable that the occurrence of this species should be further
verified.

R. nitida, Willd. Early Swamp Rose.

In bogs throughout the Island, and on Cranberry Isles;
common.

R. RUBIGINOSA, L. Sweet Brier.

Rare. Naturalized from Europe in fields remote from dwell-
ings. High Head; Bass Harbor (Annie S. Downs); — Seal Har-
bor (Rand).

R. CINNAMOMEA, L. CiNNAMON RoSE.

Stems 5°-8° high with brownish-red bark, and some straight-
ish prickles; leaves pale, downy beneath; flowers small, pale

98 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

pink, cinnamon-scented, mostly double, not showy. Graj',
Field, For. & Gard. Bot., 127. Roadsides, escaped from
gardens. Hulls Cove; Oak Hill (Rand). Introduced from
Europe.

PYRUS, L. Apple. Pear.
P. Malus, L. Apple.

Infrequently spontaneous by waysides, in old fields, etc.
Northeast Harbor ; Somesville ; Canada Valley ; Sutton Island
(Rand).

P. arbutifolia (L.), L. f., var. melanocarpa (Mx.), Hook.
Black Chokeberry.

Common in both wet and dry ground. Very variable in height
from 4°-5° in swamps to 6'-l° on mountains. A double-
flowered form, Breakneck Ponds (Rand).

Forma pubescens.

Pedicels and petioles very tomentose. Not uncommon.
Somesville (R. & R., M. L. Fernald) ; — Bar Harbor (Mary
Minot).

P. Americana (Marsh.), DC. Mountain Ash.

Rocky woods; common. Leaves commonly less taper-pointed,
and a darker green in color than farther south. Somewhat ap-
proaching the next in general appearance.

P. sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. Northern Mountain Ash.
Rare. Beech Cliff (E. Faxon) ; — Southwest Harbor (M. L.
Fernald; — Beech Hill (Rand).

CRAT-ffiGUS, L. Hawthorn. Thorn.
C. coccinea, L. Scarlet-fruited Thorn.

Infrequent. Little Harbor Brook Notch (Rand) ; — Denning
Brook (M. L. Fernald).

Var. macracantha (Lodd.), Dudley.

Frequent by waysides, rocky banks, beaches, etc. The com-
mon Thorn of the Island.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 99

AMELANCHIER, Medic. Shadbush. Sugar Pear.

A. Canadensis (L.), Medic. Shadbush.

Kocky woods; common. Large trees of this species in Little
Harbor Brook Notch.

Var. oblongifolia, T. & G.

Common.

SAXIFRAGACE^. Saxifrage Pamilt.
SAXIFRAGA, L. Saxifrage.
S. Virginiensis, Mx. Early Saxifrage.

Rocky places; infrequent. Valley Cove; Dog Mt. ; Flying
Mt. ; Beech Cliff (Rand) ; — Sargent Mt. (Greenleaf, Lane &
Rand); — Schooner Head (Clara L. Walley) ; — ledges on road
between Seal Harbor and Hunters Brook (Redfield).

MITELLA, L. Mitrewort.
M. nuda, L.

Cool, mossy woods ; rare. Hadlock Valley (Redfield) ; — Cold
Brook (R. & R.); — woods, head of Barcelona meadow (Rand).

CHRYSOSPLENIUM, L. Golden Saxifrage.

C. Americanum, Schwein.

Brooks and wet places; infrequent. On trail between Jordan
Pond and Northeast Harbor; Doctors Brook; Little Harbor
Brook; Canada Brook; Cold Brook (Rand) ; — Two Mile Brook
(M. L. Fernald).

RIBES, L. Gooseberry. Currant.

R. oxyacanthoides, L. Wild Gooseberry.
Common, usually in rocky ground.

R. lacUstre, Poir.

Rare. In wet pasture, Great Cranberry Isle (R. & R.).

100 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

R. prostratum, L'Her. Skunk Currant.
Common in rocky places.

R. floridum, L'Her. "Wild Black Currant.

Uncommon. Clearing, Canada Valley (Rand) ; — on Somes
Stream (E. & R., M. L. Fernald) ;— Beech Hill (Redfield).
Without doubt introduced in the last-named station, and
doubtless escaped from cultivation in the others.

R. rubrum, L. Red Currant.

Sparingly escaped from cultivation. Beech Hill, etc. ; near
High Head, remote from dwellings (Rand).

CRASSULACE^. Orpine Family.
SEDUM, L. Stonecrop. Orpine.
S. ACRE, L. Mossy Stonecrop.

Sparingly escaped from cultivation to roadsides, rocky places,
etc. Roadside, Southwest Harbor (William H. Dunbar); —
established in abundance on rocks. Southwest Harbor (Henry
L. Rand) ; — among stones, near the cemetery, Somesville
(Redfield). Naturalized from Europe.

S. Telephium, L. Live-for-ever.

Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and fields; frequent.
Southwest Harbor ; Fernald Cove ; Great Cranberry Isle
(Rand); — Hulls Cove (F. M. Day) ;— Somesville (R. & R.).
Adventive from Europe.

S. Rhodiola, DC. Roseroot.

Rare. Dog Mt. (Henry C. Jones, Rand) ; — Egg Rock (Henry
Smith).

DROSERACE^. Sundew Family.
DROSERA, L. Sundew.
D. rotundifolia, L. Round-leaved Sundew.

Common in sphagnous bogs, and in wet places generally.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 101

D. intermedia, Drev. & Hayne, var. Americana (Willd.), DC.
Bogs and borders of ponds; common.

HAMAMELIDE^. Witch Hazel Family.

HAMAMELIS, L. Witch Hazel.
H. Virginiana, L.

Occasional in woods and by roadsides.

HALORAGE^. Water Milfoil Family.
MYRIOPHYLLUM, L. Watee Milfoil.
M. verticillatum, L.

Eare. Kipples Pond (M. L. Fernald, Rand).

PROSERPINACA, L. Mekmaid Weed.

P. palustris, L.

Rare. Meadow at bead of Northeast Creek (Rand, M. L.
Fernald).

HIPPURIS, L. Mare's Tail.

H. vulgaris, L.

Uncommon. Shallow pools at Sea Wall and vicinity, near
shore (Henry C. Jones, Elizabeth Gr. Britton, Rand); — marsh,
Great Duck Island (Redfield); — not rare. Great Cranberry Isle
(Rand, Redfield, Arnold Greene).

CALLITRICHE, L. Water Starwort.

C. verna, L.

Frequent in muddy streams and ditches. Ditch, Bass Har-
bor (Rand) ; — Somes Stream (R. & R. ) ; — Hunters Brook
(Redfield) ; — Two Mile Brook ; Northeast Creek (M. L.
Fernald) .

102 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

MELASTOMACE^. Melastoma Family.

RHEXIA, L. Meadow Beauty.
R. Virginica, L.

Sandy or gravelly pond shores; infrequent. Duck Brook
meadows ; Breakneck Ponds ; Great Pond (Rand) ; — Eagle
Lake; Witch Hole (Kedfield).

LYTHRACE^. Loosestrife Family.

DECODON, Gmelin. Swamp Loosestrife.

D. verticillatus (L.), Ell. Nescea verticillata (L.), HBK.
Kare. Swamp, Somes Pond (R. & R.).

ONAGRACEiE. Evening Primrose Family.

LUDWIGIA, L. False Loosestrife.

L. palustris (L.), Ell. Water Purslane.

Abundant on flats, Ripples Pond (Rand). The only station
thus far reported on the Island.

EPILOBIUM, L. Willow Herb.

E. angustifolium, L. Fireweed.

Common, especially in clearings and in burnt ground.

Forma albiflorum.

Flowers pure white. Little Cranberry Isle (William H.
Dunbar).

E. lineare, Muhl.

Bogs and in wet ground; common. A simple form approach-
ing E. palustre, Western Mt. (Rand).

Forma latifolium.

Leaves larger, often 4" broad and 2' long. Bog, north of
Beech Hill (Rand).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 103

E. strictum, Muhl.

Bogs and wet ground ; frequent. Near Sea Wall ; High Head ;
Southwest Harbor; Great Cranberry Isle (Rand); — Salisbury
Cove (Clara L. Walley) . A form said by Prof. Trelease to be
"perhaps crossed with E. lineare," bog, north of Beech Hill
(Rand).

E. coloratum, Muhl.

Apparently rare on the Island. Bog, north of Beech Hill;
Southwest Harbor (Rand).

A hybrid, JS. coloratum X E. adenocaulon, roadside, south of
Bubble Pond (Rand).

E. adenocaulon, Hausskn.
Common in low ground.

(ENOTHERA, L. Evening Primrose.
CE. biennis, L. Common Evening Primrose.

Fields, waysides, and sea beaches; common. Variable. A
very pubescent form with long white hairs, Hadlock farm,
near Seal Harbor (Redfield) ; — Seal Harbor (Sara E. Boggs).

(E. pumila, L.

Common in dry soil. Often much dwarfed.

CIRC-fflA, L. Enchanter's Nightshade.
C. alpina, L.

Common in damp, shady woods.

CUCURBITACEiE. Gourd Family.
ECHINOCYSTIS. T. & G. Wild Balsam Apple.
E. lobata (Mx.), T. & G.

Extensively cultivated throughout the Island, and often spon-
taneous and persistent in waste places and by waysides. Bar
Harbor; Southwest Harbor, etc. (R. & R. ) Adventive from
the West.

104 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

nCOIDE^.

MOLLUGO, L. Indian Chickweed.

M. VERTICILLATA, L. Carpet WeeD.

Rare. Bar Harbor (W. H. Manning). A very lately in-
troduced weed on the Island. Probably naturalized from Tropi-
cal America.

UMBELLIFER^. Parsley Family.

DAUCUS, L. Carrot.
D. Carota, L.

Old fields; occasional. Long Pond (Redfield); — Sea Wall
(Eand) ; — Bar Harbor (Mary Minot).

CONIOSELINUM, Fisch. Hemlock Parsley.
C. Canadense (Mx.), T, & G.

Wet woods and meadows ; frequent. Seal Harbor; Long Pond
meadows (Redfield) ; — Hadlock Upper Pond ; Little Harbor
Brook Valley, etc. (Rand).

HERACLEUM, L. Cow Parsnip.
H. lanatum, Mx.

Frequent, especially near sea beaches. Somesville (R. &
R.); — Fernald Point; Southwest Harbor; Sea Wall; Great
Cranberry Isle, etc. (Rand); — Baker Island (Redfield).

PASTINACA, L. Parsnip.

P. SATIVA, L.

Roadsides, waste grounds, and old fields; frequent. Northeast
Harbor (Henry C. Jones) ; — Long Pond ; Somesville ; Southwest
Harbor; Bar Harbor; Canada Valley, etc. (Rand). Naturalized
from Europe.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 105

LIGUSTICUM, L. Lovage.
L. Scoticum, L. Scotch Lovage.

Sea beaches, banks and rocks near salt water; common.

CCELOPLEURUM, Ledeb.
C. Gmelini (DC), Ledeb. Archangelica Gmel'mi, DC.

Frequent on the seashore in damp ground. Plant very
strongly aromatic.

SIUM, L. Water Parsnip.
S. cicutaefolium, Gmelin.

Brooks and pond shores ; common.

CARUM, L. Caraway.
C. Carui, L.

Common in fields and waste places about settlements. Natu-
ralized from Europe.

CICUTA, L. Water Hemlock.
C. maculata, L.

Wet grounds; common. Roots poisonous.

C. bulbifera, L.

Wet places ; infrequent. Somesville ; Northeast Harbor
(Rand). Also poisonous.

HYDROCOTYLE, L. Water Pennywort.
H. Americana, L.

Wet places, — woods and meadows; frequent. Hadlock Upper
Pond; High Head; Southwest Valley road ; Town Hill, etc.
(Rand); — Somesville (R. & R., M. L. Fernald). Stems sto-
loniferous, especially in late summer.

106 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT

SANICULA, L. Black Snakeroot.

S. Marylandica, L.

Wet woods and meadows; infrequent. Little Harbor Brook
Notch (R. & E., Arnold Greene); — Cold Brook; Long Pond
meadows (Rand).

ARALIACE^. Ginseng Family.
ARALIA, L. Wild Sarsaparilla.

A. racemosa, L. Spikenard.

Woods ; infrequent. Little Harbor Brook Notch (Rand, Red-
field) ;— Intervale Brook (F. M. Day) ; — Hadlock Valley (G.
Hunt) ; — Southwest Valley road; Wild Cat Valley (Rand) ; —
roadside east of Seal Harbor ; Bubble Pond (Redfield).

A. hispida, Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla.

Open rocky places and burnt clearings ; common.

A. nudicaulis, L. Wild Sarsaparilla.
Rich rocky woods; common.

CORNACE^. Dogwood Family.
CORNUS, L. Cornel. Dogwood.

C. Canadensis, L. Bdnchberky. Dwarf Cornel.

Very common; woods and everywhere. Often blooming until
late fall.

C. circinata, L'Her. Rodnd-leaved Cornel.

Woods and thickets; infrequent. Echo Notch (R. & R.) ; —
Little Harbor Brook Notch; High Head; Northwest Cove;
Somesville (Rand).

C. alternifolia, L. f. Alternate-leaved Cornel.
Woods and copses; common.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 107

Division II. GAMOPETAL^.

CAPRIFOLIACE^. Honeysuckle Family.

SAMBUCUS, L. Elder.

S. Canadensis, L. Common Elder.

Frequent iu rich soil, but nowhere very abundant. Somes-
ville; Northeast Harbor ; Southwest Harbor; Gilmore Meadow,
etc. (Eand) ; — Long Pond meadows, etc. (Redfield) ; — Bar
Harbor (F. M. Day).

S. racemosa, L. S. j^i^f^^ns, Mx. Red-berried Elder.

Rocky places and waysides; more common than the last. A
form with yellowish colored fruit, near Northeast Harbor
(Theodore G. White).

VIBURNUM, L. Arrow Wood.

V. lantanoides, Mx. Hobble Bush.

Common; rocky woods, — especially on mountain brooks, —
and sometimes in low ground.

V. acerifolium, L. Maple-leaved Viburnum.

Thickets and borders of woods; frequent; rare in the south-
eastern part of the Island.

v. dentatum, L. Arrow Wood.

Rare. Meadow at head of Northeast Creek (Rand, Redfield,
M. L. Fernald).

V. cassinoides, L. Withe-rod.

Rocky woods, moist banks, and wet places; common. Also on
mountain summits.

LINN.a]A, Gronov. Twin Flower.

L. borealis, Gronov. Twin Flower.

Woods, especially in sandy soil; common. Also Cranberry
Isles and Duck Islands (Redfield).

108 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

LONICERA, L. Honeysuckle.

L. ciliata, Muhl. Fly Honeysuckle.

Rocky woods ; infrequent. Hadlock Upper Pond ; Sargent Mt.
Gorge; Little Harbor Brook Xotch; Northwest Arm woods, etc.
(Rand) ; — Squid Cove (Wm. C. Lane) ; — Hadlock Valley ;
Jordan Pond road ; Bear Island (Redtield) ; — Norway Drive
(Mary Minot) ; — Bald Porcupine Island (W. H. Manning).

L. cserulea, L. Mountain Fly Honeysuckle.
Damp ground; frequent.

DIERVILLA, Adans. Bush Honeysuckle.
D. trifida, Moench.

Common in rocky ground; woods and clearings.

RUBIACE^. Madder Family.

HOUSTONIA, L.
H. cserulea, L. Innocents. Bluets. Quaker Ladies.
Common in moist grassy places.

MITCHELLA, L. Partridge Berry.
M. repens, L.

Thickets and woods, especially under Coniferse ; frequent.

GALIUM, L. Bedstraw.

G. VERUM, L. Yellow Bedstraw.

Well established for years in fields, Bar Harbor (Mary Minot,
M. L. Fernald). Adventive from Europe.

G. Mollugo, L.

Established in field. Bar Harbor (Mary Minot). Adventive
from Europe. A somewhat pubescent form with revolute,
sharply pointed leaves. Bar Harbor (Mary Minot).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 109

G. Aparine, L. Cleavers.

Rare; yet in abundance on beach, Fish Point, Great Cran-
berry Isle (Rand). Probably introduced.

G. trifidum, L. Small Bedstraw.

Common in wet ground. Variable.

Var. pusillum, Gray.

Not uncommon in cold sphagnum bogs. Little Cranberry
Isle; Great Duck Island (Redfield) ; — Southwest Harbor (M.
L. Fernald).

G. asprellum, Mx. Rough Bedstraw.

Roadsides and low thickets; frequent. Robinson Mt. (Wm.
H. Dunbar); — Somesville; Emery District (R. & R.); — Sea
Wall; Oak Hill, etc. (Rand).

G. triflorum, Mx. Sweet-scented Bedstraw.
Woods; common.

COMPOSITJE. Composite Family.
EUPATORIUM, L. Thoroughwort.
E. purpureum, L. Joe-Pte Weed.

Low grounds, brooksides, and meadows; frequent.
E. perfoliatum, L. Boneset. Thoroughwort.
Low grounds and wet roadsides; common.

SOLIDAGO, L. Golden Rod.

S. squarrosa, Muhl.

Rare; roadsides and thickets. Emery District (Rand, An-
nie S. Downs); — foot of Western Mt. (Rand); — *•' Salisbury
Woods " (Clara L. Walley).

S. latifolia, L.

Damp, low woods, especially by brooksides ; frequent. Head
of Hadlock Upper Pond ; foot of Western Mt. ; Little Harbor

110 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

Brook Notch; Beech Mt. Notch; and elsewhere (Rand) ; — path
to Bubble Pond ; path to Newport Pond ; Hadlock Valley
(Redfield); — Dog Mt., in dry, open ground (Rand).

S. bicolor, L. White Golden Rod.
Roadsides and fields ; common.

Var. concolor, T. & G.

Roadside, south of High Head. The plant, however, is not
a very well marked form of this variety.

S. Virgaurea, L.

Stem erect, sparingly branched, 4'-24' high, glabrous or pubes-
cent with curled hairs; leaves linear or lanceolate-oblong, l'-4'
long, obscurely toothed, obtuse or acute; heads crowded, 4" long,
shortly peduncled, golden yellow; bracts of the involucre linear,
acute, glabrous, green, margins scarious; ray flowers 10-12,
spreading; disk flowers 10-20; achene pubescent, pappus white.
Hooker, Fl. Brit. Isles, 205. (See also Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xx.
207.) Hio, Southwest Harbor; foot Peraetic Mt. ; Great Cran-
berry Isle; path on Jordan Mt. ; Frenchman Camp road (Rand) ;
— Seal Harbor (R. & R.). This Island form is very like var.
angustifolia, Gaud., and var. ericetoruvi, DC, of the Old World,
with lower leaves oblong lanceolate, long petioled, and upper
leaves narrower. There are other forms, with narrower, thinner
leaves, approaching S. humilis, Pursh, but hardly to be placed
under that species. Seal Harbor (Redfield); — foot of Western
Mt. ; Great Cranberry Isle ; Dog Mt. ; east peak of Western Mt. ;
Frenchman Camp road (Rand).

Var. Randii, Porter.

More or less glutinous; stems stout, erect, l°-2° high, often
dark purple, puberulent, or sometimes glabrate below; radical
and lower leaves obovate or oblanceolate, acute, serrate, — cauline
lanceolate or elliptical-lanceolate, sparingly serrate or entire,
glabrous; inflorescence an ample branched panicle or loose
virgate thyrse; heads 3" or more long; outer scales of the
involucre mostly ovate or lance-ovate and bluntish, sometimes
almost linear and acute, inner ones oblong-linear, yellowish,

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. HI

with scarious margins and acute or acuminate tips; achenes
pubescent or nearly smooth. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xx. 208.
Abundant; dry fields, roadsides, and among rocks, especially
in the southern part of the Island. Also found on the moun-
tains, distinct, or imperceptibly passing into the next variety.
Frenchman Camp; Seal Harbor (R. & R.); — Sea wall. Long
Pond; Northeast Harbor; Southwest Harbor; The Cliffs, Seal
Harbor; Hunters Beach Head; Long Pond meadows; Sargent
Mt. ; Dog Mt. ; Pemetic Mt. ; Western Mt. ; Great Cranberry
Isle, etc. (Rand).

Var. monticola, Porter. S. ^9?<^eruZa, Nutt., var. mo7iticola,
Porter, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xix. 129.
Stems 3'-12' high, often slender; inflorescence a short, com-
pact, or sometimes loose thyrse, 2'-4' long; heads l^"-3" long;
scales of the involucre variable, ovate and bluntish or oblong
and obtuse, inner ones not elongated. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club,
XX. 209. Common on mountain summits, and occasionally at
lower altitudes, even at the sea level. Sargent Mt. ; Pemetic
Mt. ; Jordan Mt. ; Western Mt. ; Dog Mt. ; Hunters Beach
Head; Seal Harbor; Great Cranberry Isle (Rand).

Var. Redfieldii, Porter.

Very glutinous; stems stout and rigid, 16'-18' high; leaves
thickish or coriaceous; branches of the panicle starting from
half-way down the stem or even from the base, strict, erect,
bearing short clusters of heads in the upper bracts; heads small,
2"-3" long; scales of the involucre short, more or less scarious.
Its inflorescence is strikingly like that of S. juncea, Ait., var.
ramosa, Porter & Britt. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xx. 209. Rare.
Seal Harbor, etc. (Redfield) ; — foot of Western Mt. ; Great
Cranberry Isle (Rand).

S. sempervirens, L. Sea Golden Rod.

Frequent on sea cliffs; common in salt or brackish marshes,
and on muddy beaches.

S, puberula, Nutt.

Dry, open ground, and b}' waj'sides ; common ; — less frequent
in woods. Very variable in form of inflorescence, etc. A form

112 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

with panicle much-branched, branches erect, much resembling
S. juncea, Ait., var. ramosa, Porter & Britt., in clearings.
Sunken Heath, and elsewhere (Rand). A form with inflores-
cence axillary, much prolonged, Emery District, and elsewhere
(Rand;.

S. rugosa, Mill. S. altissima, T. & G., non L.

Fields, thickets, and roadsides ; common.

S. neglecta, T. «& G. Swamp Golden Rod.

Swamps, bogs, and meadows. Especially common in sphag-
num bogs.

Var. linoides (T. & G.), Gray.

Sphagnum bogs; infrequent. Great Heath; The Heath,
Great Cranberry Isle (Rand).

S. juncea, Ait. Early Golden Rod.

Dry ground; common. The earliest flowering species of the
genus on the Island. A form more or less pubescent, Hio,
Southwest Harbor (Rand). A form approaching var. ramosa,
Porter & Britt., Jordan Mt. (Rand).

S. serotina, Ait.

Rare. Copses, Long Pond meadows (Redfield) ; — Salisbury
Cove (Clara L. Walley).

Var. gigantea (Ait.), Gray.

Copses and low grounds ; frequent. A low form. Long Pond
meadows (Redfield). A form approaching S. ruj^estris, Raf.,
Long Pond meadows (Redfield).

S. Canadensis, L.

Roadsides, fields, and thickets; common.

Var. glabrata, Porter.

Low, slender 2°-3° high, stems glabrous or glabrate below,
puberulent above; leaves numerous, crowded, linear-lanceolate,
tapering into a long acumination, upper ones entire, lower ones
with a few sharp serratures, scabrous on the veins beneath;

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 113

panicles small, with filiform branches; bracts acute or acutish.
Roadsides and thickets; infrequent. Near Hadlock Brook,
Wasgatt Cove (Rand) ; — road between Frenchman Camp and
Hadlock farm; Frenchman Camp; above Long Pond meadows
(Redfield).

S. nemoralis, Ait.

Dry grounds ; very common. A form with axillary', much
prolonged inflorescence, clusters distant, — between Southwest
Harbor and Bass Harbor (Rand).

S. lanceolata, L.

Roadsides and fields; very common.

ASTER, L. Aster.
A. macrophyllns, L. Great-leaved Aster.

Woods and clearings; common. Flowering more abundantly
when in clearings or in open ground. Often appearing with few
or none of the characteristic root-leaves. To this form, it seems,
should be referred specimens collected near Bubble Pond (Red-
field), and named by Dr. Asa Gray A. Herveyi.

A. radula, Ait. Rocgh-leaved Aster.

Low grounds and borders of swamps; common. A form ap-
proaching var. st7'ictvs, Gray, roadside between Town Hill and
Emery District (Rand).

A. undulatus, L.

Rare. Frenchman Camp road (R. & R.).

A. cordifolius, L. Heart-leaved Aster.

"Wooded banks and waysides; rare. Somesville; Juniper
Cove; near head of Northeast Harbor (Rand).

A. Lindleyanus, T. & G.

Dry ground; rare. Southwest Valley road; High Head
(Rand) ; — Thompson Island (Annie S. Downs) ; — Frenchman
Camp road (Redfield).

8

114 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

A. polyphyllus, Willd.

Infrequent and local; in greatest abundance on tlie mountains.
Dog Mt. ; Jordan Mt. ; Peraetic Mt. ; Long Pond meadows
(Rand); — Frenchman Camp; on Hunters Brook, near French-
man Camp (R. & R.). The forms from Jordan Mt. are much
dwarfed.

A. ericoides, L.

Rare. Wayside, road to Jordan Pond (R. & E.).

A. vimineus, Lam.

Rare. Frenchman Camp (Rand).

A. diffusus, Ait.

Fields, thickets, and waj'sides; very common. Variable. A
form with purple ray flowers and panicles less elongated, Little
Harbor (Rand).

Var. thyrsoideus, Gray.

Rare. Seal Harbor (R. & R.).

A. Tradescanti, L.

Rare. Southern foot of Western Mt. (Rand).

A. paniculatus, Lam.

Moist ground; frequent and widely distributed, especially in
the northern part of the Island. Shore of Northwest Arm,
Great Pond; Liscomb Brook, and elsewhere in Emery Dis-
trict; Oak Hill and northward; Somesville; Ripples Pond;
Bass Harbor; road to Great Pond, Southwest Harbor, etc.
(Rand).

A. salicifolius, Ait.

Low grounds and roadsides; frequent. Southwest Harbor;
southern foot of Westei-n Mt. ; Somesville; Beech Hill; Oak
Hill; Town Hill; Bass Harbor; Northwest Cove; Eden P. O.,
etc. (Rand).

A. junceus, Ait.

Rare. Roadside between Southwest Harbor and Bass Har-
bor; between Town Hill and Emery District (Rand).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 115

A. longifolius, Lam. Not of Gray, Manual, 5th ed.

Low grounds; infrequent. Roadside thicket near Juniper
Cove; Cliff walk. Seal Harbor; Meadow Brook, Oak Hill;
roadside between Town Hill and Emery District ; Eden P. 0. ;
Somesville (Rand).

A. Novi-Belgii, L.

Abundant everywhere in both wet and dry ground. Very
variable in foliage, size of heads, color of ray flowers, etc. The
common form has smooth, thick leaves. A form with very
narrow leaves, Somesville; Bass Harbor; Emery Cove; foot of
Western Mt. ; Pond Heath, etc. (Rand). Eorms of this species
apparently pass into A. imniceus, L., var. htcidulus, Gray.

Forma albiflorus.

Ray flowers pure white. Cliffs east of Seal Harbor (Rand).

Forma roseus.

A salt marsh form, low, only 1° high; stems dark purple;
leaves linear, thick, with purple midrib, the lower stem leaves
bearing abundant axillary clusters of small leaves; rays bright
pink. Near Bass Harbor (Rand).

Var. litoreus, Gray.

Salt marshes or wet shores; infrequent or rare. Mouth of
Northeast Creek; Somes Harbor; Great Cranberry Isle (Rand).
Forms approaching this variety are abundant, but the variety
itself is seldom found.

A. patulus, Lam.

Rare. Meadow, head of Northeast Creek (M. L. Fernald); —
Town Hill road, Somesville (Rand).

A. tardiflorus, L.

Rare. Wood road to Broad Cove; road from Town Hill to
Thomas Bay (Rand).

A. puniceus, L.

Common in wet ground.

116 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

Var. lucidulus, Gray.

Frequent in wet places and moist ground. Seal Harbor (Red-
field); —Town Hill; Emery Cove; Youngs District; Eden P.
0., etc. (Rand). Apparently more abundant in the northern
part of the Island.

Var. laevicaulis, Gray.

Infrequent. Beech Mt. Notch (Rand) ; — stream south of
Bubble Pond (R. & R.).

A. umbellatus, Mill. Diploj^appus umhellatus. T. & G.

Roadsides, fields, wood clearings, and dry places ; very
common.

A. acuminatus, Mx.

Woods and clearings; common.

A. nemoralis, Ait.

Peat bogs and open swamps; common. Also summit of
Green Mt. in boggy depressions (Rand.)

Var. Blakei, Porter.

Stems l°-2^° high, simple, or often branched, inclined to
be flexuous; leaves not crowded as in the type, 2^-3' long,
^'_|' broad, lanceolate, coarsely toothed or entire, margins not
revolute, thinnish; heads few or several, sometimes solitarj^,
showy; rays lilac-purple. — Intermediate between A. ne77ioralis
and A. acuminatus, to both of which some of its forms make a
near approach. North border of Somes Pond (Rand).

ERIGERON, L. Fleabane. "''

E. Canadensis, L. Horseweed. Butterweed.

A common weed by roadsides and in waste places, becoming
yearly more abundant everywhere on the Island.

E. strigosus, Muhl. Smaller Daisy Fleabane.

Fields and waysides ; common. Rays sometimes more or less
deeply tinged with violet.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 117

ANTENNARIA, Gaertn. Everlasting.

A. plantaginifolia (L.), Hook. Modse-eaks. Ladies' Tobacco.
Dry soil; common.

ANAPHALIS, DC. Pearly Everlasting.

A. margaritacea (L.), Benth. & Hook. Antennaria marga-
ritacea (L.), K. Br. Pearly Everlasting.

Dry soil, clearings, etc. ; common.

GNAPHALIUM, L. Cudweed.

6. polycephalum, Mx. Sweet Everlasting.
Dry fields; common. Very sweet-scented.

G. decurrens, Ives.

Fields, in sandy soil; infrequent. Sawyer Cove; Southwest
Harbor; Seal Harbor (Rand) ; — Little Cranberry Isle (Kedfield).

G. uliginosum, L. Low Cudweed.

Roadsides; common in damp soil. Also Green Mt. (Eedfield).

AMBROSIA, L. Ragweed.
A. artemisiaefolia, L. Ragweed.

A common weed in waste places. Many people suppose its
pollen an effective cause of hay fever, and find relief on the
Island owing to the supposed absence of this plant. This
relief however, it seems, must be attributed to some other
cause, as the plant in question grows everywhere, — even on
the Cranberry Isles, — in more or less abundance, and is spread-
ing with the increasing settlement of the Island.

RUDBECKIA, L. Cone Flower.

R. hirta, L. Yellow Daisy. Black-eyed Sdsan.

Naturalized in grass fields from the West. Very common
about Somesville and Bar Harbor, and more or less abundant
all over the Island. A fasti giate form, Seal Harbor (Redfield).

118 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

HELIANTHUS, L. Sunflower.
H. aunuus, L. Common Sunflower.

Waste places, Fernald Point; Bar Harbor (Rand); — Seal
Harbor (Redfield). Escaped from cultivation.

BIDENS, L. Bur-Marigold.
B. frondosa, L. Beggar Ticks. Devil's Pitchfork.

Low grounds, Avet places, and damp roadsides; common, and
spreading.

B. cernua, L. Smaller Bur-Marigolu.

Wet places; frequent. Sawyer Cove; Mill Cove; Norwood
Cove; Valley Cove; northern foot of Beech Hill; Southwest
Harbor, etc. (Rand) ; — Somesville (R. & R.) ; — Great Cran-
berry Isle (Redfield).

ANTHEMIS, L. Chamomile.
A. Cotula, L. Maruta Cotula (L.), DC. Mayweed.

Common by roadsides and in waste places. Naturalized
from Europe.

ACHILLEA, L. Yarrow.

A. Millefolium, L. Common Yarrow.

Dry soil; common in settlements, and often remote from
dwellings. Naturalized from Europe, but also indigenous.

Forma rosea. ^r

Ray flowers rose to deep rose-red in color. Frequent. North-
east Harbor: Fernald Point road; southern foot of Western
Mt.; Southwest Harbor, etc. (Rand); — Somesville (R. & R.).

A. Ptarmica, L. Sneezewort.

Doubtless an escape, although established for years by road-
side spring, far from dwellings, Southwest Harbor (Rand).
Adventive from Europe or farther north.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 119

CHRYSANTHEMUM, L. Ox-eye Daisy.
C. Leucanthemum, L. Daisy. White-weeij.

Fields and meadows; very common. Naturalized from Eu-
rope. A form with tubular ray flowers, Ovens (Rand).

TANACETUM, L. Tansy.
T. VULGARE, L. Common Tansy. Gold Buttons.

Near old dwellings, and by waysides; frequent. Jordan
Pond; Beech Hill; "Sound"; Great Cranberry Isle, etc.
(Rand) ; — Bass Harbor Head; Somesville (R. & R.) ; — mouth
of Duck Brook (R. H. Day). Naturalized from Europe.

ARTEMISIA, L. Wormwood.

A. VULGARIS, L. MuGWORT.

Occasional in waste places. West side of Southwest Harbor;
Hulls Cove (Rand). Adventive from Europe.

A. Stelleriana, Besser. False Ddsty Miller.

Rare. Beach, Mt. Desert Narrows (R. & R., Annie S.
Downs). Adventive from the north.

PETASITES, Gfertn. Sweet Coltsfoot.

P. palmata (Ait.), Gray.

Wet ground; rare. Cold Brook (E. Faxon, R. & R.).

SENECIO, L. Groundsel.
S. VULGARIS, L. Common Groundsel.

Waste grounds and sea beaches; frequent, especially near
the seashore and on the islands. Also, Green Mt. (Annie S.
Downs). On Flying Mt. is found a low, slender form with
aromatic foliage (Rand). Naturalized from Europe.

S. aureus, L. Golden Ragwort.

Rare. Meadow, High Head (Rand).

120 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

ERECHTITES, Kaf. Fireweed.
E. hieracifolia (L.), Eaf.

Wood clearings, especially in recently burned ground;
common.

ARCTIUM, L. Burdock.
A. Lappa, L.

Common in waste places, especially about old dwellings.
Naturalized from Europe.

CNICUS, L. Thistle.

C. LANCEOLATUS (L.), Hoffm. COMMON Thistle.

Pastures, fields and roadsides; common. Naturalized from
Europe.

C. ARVENSIS (L.), Hoffm. Canada Thistle.

Pastures, fields, and roadsides; too common. Naturalized
from Europe.

Forma albiflorus.

Flowers pure white. Southwest Harbor (Rand) ; — Seal Har-
bor (Wm. C. Lane).

CENTAUREA, L. Star Thistle.

C. Cyanus, L. Bluebottle. Bachelor's BuTTOff.

Occasionally escaped from cultivation to roadsides and waste
places, Southwest Harbor, etc. (Rand, Annie S. Downs).

ARNOSERIS, Gsertn. Lamb's Succory.

A small, annual, scapigerous herb; juice milky; leaves all
radical; heads few, small; peduncles clavate, fistular; involu-
cral bracts in one series, many, after flowering arching over the
fruit ; receptacle flat, naked, pitted ; corollas all ligulate,
yellow; anther cells not tailed; upper part of style and its
short obtuse arms hairy ; fruit obpyramidal, furrowed and
ribbed, not beaked, crowned by a coriaceous angular ring.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 121

A, PUSiLLA, Goertn.

Glabrous or slightly hairy; heads campanulate, 4" long, in-
clined in bud; involucral bracts herbaceous, puberulous, linear-
lanceolate, tips contracted, obtuse; fruit pale brown, rugose
between the ribs; scapes 4'-12' high, many, slender, rigid,
sparingly branched above; leaves 2'-4' long, narrow, obovate-
spatulate or -lanceolate, toothed. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Isles, 229.
Rare. Field, Southwest Harbor (M. L. Fernald). Fugitive
from Europe.

CICHORIUM, L. CmcoRr.
C. Intybus, L.

Rare. Formerly in some abundance by roadside, Clark Point,
Southwest Harbor (John L. Wakefield, Rand). About 1887 the
plant was apparently exterminated in this station. It still per-
sists, however, in another locality on the Point, although in no
abundance. Adventive from Europe.

LEONTODON, L. Fall Dandelion.

L. AUTUMNALIS, L.

Fields and roadsides; very common. A form with much
aborted ray flowers, Emery District; Southwest Harbor; Great
Cranberry Isle (Rand). Naturalized from Europe.

HIERACIUM, L. Hawkweed.
H. AURANTIACUM, L. Flaming Hawkweed.

Fields and meadows; becoming frequent. Beech Hill (R. &
R.) ; — High Head meadow (Rand) ; — near Ship Harbor (Faxon
& Redfield) ; — near Otter Creek (Theodore G. White). Natu-
ralized from Europe.

H. Canadense, Mx. Great Hawkweed.
Woods and roadsides; frequent.

H. paniculatum, L.

Rare. Clearing on roadside by Denning Pond; east side of
Northeast Harbor (Rand).

. A^'

122 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

H. scabrum, Mx. Rough Hawkweed.
Woods and roadsides; common.

PRENANTHES, L. {Nabalus, Cass.) Rattlesnake-root.

P. serpentaria, Pursh. Nabalus Fraseri, DC.

Dry soil; common.

Var. nana (DC), Gray. Nabalus nanus, DC.

Common on mountain summits and rocky places. Green Mt.
(Wm. C. Lane) ; — Sargent Mt. ; Pemetic Mt. ; Jordan Mt. ;
Beech Cliff; Sutton Island, etc. (Rand).

P. altissima, L. Wood Rattlesnake-root.

Rich damp woods; frequent. A form with dark purple his-
pidulous stems, Southwest Valley road (Rand).

TARAXACUM, Haller. Dandelion.
T. OFFICINALE, Web. T. Dens-leonis, Desf. Dandelion.

Becoming common; roadsides and waste places, — sometimes
even in woods. Naturalized from Europe.

LACTUCA, L. Lettuce.
L. SATIVA, L. Garden Lettuce.

Persistent for years in waste ground, Fernald Point (Rand).
Escaped from cultivation.

L. Canadensis, L. Wild Lettuce.
Roadside and clearings ; frequent.

L. integrifolia, Bigel.

Dry soil; infrequent. Northeast Harbor (John L. Wake-
field, Rand); — Somesville; Frenchman Camp (Redfield).

L. leucophaea (Willd.), Gray. Blue Lettuce.

Low grounds, roadsides, and waste places; common.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 123

SONCHUS, L. Sow Thistle.

S. OLEKACEUS, L. Common Sow Thistle.

Waste places ; rare. Sawyer Cove ; Fernald Point (Kand) ; —
High Head (Annie S. Downs) ; — Clement farm, Seal Harbor
(Redfield). Naturalized from Europe.

S. ASPER, Vill. Spiny Sow Thistle.

Waste places ; very common. Naturalized from Europe.

LOBELIACE^. Lobelia Family.

LOBELIA, L.

L. cardiualis, L. Cardinal Flower.

Eare and local. Borders of streams, Somesville and vicinity
(Rand and others) ; — also on brook flowing into Seal Cove Pond .

(Annie S. Downs). ^//-— '^'W^ ( ) : /t^./— ^ n^^^^.W-^

L. spicata, Lam.

Grassy places ; frequent. Somesville; Wasgatt Cove (John
L. Wakefield); — fields above Long Pond (Redfield); — Seal
Harbor (Sara E. Boggs) ; — Northeast Harbor; Southwest Har-
bor (Rand);— "Mt. Desert" (F. M. Day).

L. inflata, L. Indian Tobacco.

Dry fields and roadsides; common. Flowers pale blue, violet,
or whitish.

L. Dortmanna, L. Water Lobelia.

Common on borders of ponds and often of meadow streams.
Usually in shallow water; sometimes immersed.

CAMPANULACE^. Campanula Family.

SPECULARIA, Heist. Venus's Looking-glass.

S. perfoliata (L.), A. DC.

Rare. Dry pasture on road to Mason Point, Somesville
(R. & R.). Possibly introduced.

124 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

CAMPANULA, L. Bellflower.

C. EAPUNCULOIDES, L.

Occasionally by roadsides, etc. ; escaped from cultivation.
Oak Hill (Redfield, Annie S. Downs); — Higli Head; Somes-
ville (Rand). Adventive from Europe.

C. rotundifolia, L. Bluebell. Harebell.

Cliffs on seashore, and frequently on the mountains; common.

Forma albiflora.

Flowers white. Ovens (Annie S. Downs); — Otter Cliffs
(Annie S. Downs, Rand).

ERICACE^. Heath Family.

GAYLUSSACIA, HBK. Huckleberry.
G. dumosa (Andr.), T. & G. Bog Huckleberry.

Frequent in sphagnum bogs. Bog near Somesville (William
H. Dunbar); — Somes Pond; Sunken Heath; The Heath,
Great Cranberry Isle; Great Heath (Rand).

G. resinosa (Ait.), T. & G. Common Huckleberry.
Dry or wet ground ; common.

VACCINIUM, L. Blueberry. Cranberry.
V. Penusylvanicum, Lam. Dwarf Blueberry.

Very common everywhere in dry soil ; abundant on the hills
and mountains. Variable. A form with bluish-red and white
fruit, Jordan Mt. (Rand). A well marked form with dark blue-
green leaves, reddish shoots, and dark blue fruit with little or
no bloom, Great Cranberry Isle (R. & R.).

V. Canadense, Kalm. Canada Blueberry.

Common in woods or moist ground. Fruit ripening later
than that of the preceeding species, and more acid.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 125

V. corymbosum, L. High-busu Blueberry.

Swamps and low thickets; frequent. Somesville and vicinity
(R. & E.) ; — Witch Hole (Kand) ; — Hulls Cove (F. M. Day,
J. H. Curtis).

Var. amoenum (Ait.), Gray.

Somesville (Redfield, M. L. Fernald); — Breakneck Ponds
(Rand).

This species and variety seem to be rare except in the central
and northern parts of the Island.

V. Vitis-Idsea, L. Mouktain Cranberry.

Common everywhere, shore and mountains, and on the islands.
Fruit much used for sauce, largely taking the place of V. viacro-
carpon for this purpose.

V. Oxycoccus, L. Small Cranberry.

Common in sphagnum bogs, and in wet places on mountains
and shore. Also on Cranberry Isles.

V. macrocarpon, Ait. Large Cranberry.

Bogs; common, but rarely in great abundance. Also on
Cranberry Isles, whence their name.

CHIOGENES, Salisb. Creeping Snowberry.
C. serpyllifolia, Salisb. C. hispidula (L.), T. & G.
Deep mossy woods ; common.

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. Bearberry.

A. Uva-ursi (L.), Spreng. Common Bearberry.

Open, rocky places; infrequent and local. Browns Mt.
(William C Lane); — Beech Cliff; Dog Mt. (Rand);— Barr
Hill; Newport Mt. (Redfield) ; — "Somes Sound, Southwest
Harbor" (Elizabeth G. Britton); — Robinson Mt. (Anna H.
Bee); — near Bar Harbor (W. H. Manning).

126 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

EPIG^fflA, L. Trailing Arbutus.
E. repens, L. Mayflower. Trailing Arbutus.

Frequent in woodlands, but seldom very abundant.

GAULTHERIA, L. Aromatic Wintergreen.
G. procumbens, L. Creeping Wintergreen. Checkerberry.
Common everywhere in woods, shady places, and clearings.

ANDROMEDA, L.
A. polifolia, L.

Bogs; infrequent. Swampy roadside, south of Salisbury
Cove; Hadlock Upper Pond; Sunken Heath (Rand); — Pond
Heath (Greenleaf, Lane & Rand); — Great Heath (Redfield).

CASSANDRA, Don. Leather Leaf.

C. calyculata (L.), Don.

Bogs and marshy borders of ponds; common.

KALMIA, L. American Laurel.

K. angustifolia, L. Sheep Laurel. Lambkill.

Hillsides, pastures, and thickets in dry or damp ground;
common. Also abundant on the mountains.

K. glauca. Ait. Pale Laurel.

Sphagnum bogs; frequent. Pond Heath (Greenleaf & Rand,
E. Faxon); — Freeman Heath (Faxon & Rand); — Sea Wall
Swamp; Sunken Heath; Great Heath (Rand); — bog by road-
side west of Sea Wall; The Heath, Great Cranberry Isle (R.
&R.).

RHODODENDRON, L. Rose-bay. Azalea.

R. Rhodora, Don. Rhodora Canadensis, L. Rhodora.

Common in damp thickets and swamps, and in wet or even
in dry places on the mountains. Very variable in color of
flowers. Sometimes three to five feet high.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 127

Forma albiflora.

Flowers pure white. Southwest Harbor (Annie S. Downs).

LEDUM, L. Labrador Tea.
L. latifolium, Ait.

Common in bogs, and often in dry ground. Not very abun-
dant in the southern part of the Island, but common on the
Cranberry Isles.

CLETHRA, L. White Alder.
C. aluifolia, L. Sweet Pepperbush. White Alder.

Eare. Wet ground near Hadlock Upper Pond (Annie S.
Downs). Keported to grow also in meadow on Denning Brook,
and on Great Cranberry Isle.

CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Wintergreen.

C. umbellata (L.), Nutt. Prince's Pine. Pipsissewa. Winter-
green.

Dry woods; frequent.

MONESES, Salisb. One-flowered Pyrola.
M. grandiflora, Salisb. M. uniflora (L.), Gray.

Deep mossy woods all over the Island; frequent. Also on the
Cranberry Isles (Redfield).

PYROLA, L. Shinleaf.
P. secunda, L. One-sided Pyrola.
Rich woods; frequent.

P. chlorantha, Swz.

Deep woods ; infrequent. Little Harbor Brook Notch ; Cold
Brook (Rand); —Bar Island, Bar Harbor (F. M. Day); — Seal
Harbor (Redfield); — near Beech Hill (Arnold Greene).

128 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT-

P. elliptica, Nutt.

Common in woodlands.

P. rotundifolia, L. Round-leaved Pyrola.

Occasional in dry woods. Great Pond; Salisbury Cove (Henry
C. Jones) ; — Seal Harbor (Redfield); — Cold Brook (Rand).

MONOTROPA, L. Indian Pipe. Pinesap.

M. uniflora, L. Indian Pipe.

Damp woods; not uncommon.

M. Hypopitys, L. Pinesap.

Dry woods; infrequent. Hadlock Upper Pond; eastern side
of Browns Mt. (William H. Dunbar) ; — Cold Brook (Rand) ; —
Green Mt. Gorge (F. M. Day) ; — Western :\rt. (Annie M.
Rand); — Northwest Arm woods (R. & R.).

PLUMBAGINACEJE. Leadwokt Family.
STATICE, L. Marsh Rosemary.
S. Limonium, L., var. Caroliniana, Gray, Sea Lavender.

Muddy beaches and salt marshes ; frequent. Somes Harbor,
and shores at head of Somes Sound (Henry C. Jones, R. & R.);
— near Ovens; Bass Harbor; High Head, and northern shores
of the Island (Rand); — Great Cranberry Isle (R. & R.).

PRIMULACE^. Primrose Family.
TRIENTALIS, L. Star-flower.
T. Americana (Pers.), Pursh. Star-flower. Star Anemone.
Low woods; common.

LYSIMACHIA, L. Loosestrife.
L. quadrifolia, L. Whorled Loosestrife.
Open woods, hills, and roadsides; common.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 129

L. stricta, Ait. Swamp Loosestrife.

Wet ground and swamps; common.
Var. ovata.

Stems at length much branched above, the branches often
equalling or exceeding the inflorescence; leaves ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, narrowing less abruptly at the base, shorter-peti-
oled, veins apparent ; raceme short and few-flowered. "Wet
ground, Somesville (Eedfield).

L. thyrsiflora, L. Tufted Loosestrife.

Eare. Intervale Brook, near Hulls Cove (F. M. Day) ; —
bog, northern foot of Beech Hill (Rand) .

GLAUX, L. Sea Milkwort.
G. maritima, L.

Salt marshes and muddy beaches ; frequent.

OLEACE^. Olive Family.
FRAXINUS, L. Ash.
F. Americana, L. White Ash.

Moist woods; common.
F. sambucifolia, Lam. Black Ash.
Swamps and damp woods ; frequent.

SYRINGA, L. Lilac.
S. VULGARIS, L. Common Lilac.

Occasionally escaped to roadsides near dwellings (R. & R.).
Adventive from Eastern Europe or Asia.

APOCYNACE^. Dogbane Family.
APOCYNUM, L. Dogbane.
A. androssemifolium, L. Spreading Dogbane.

Roadsides and thickets; infrequent. Otter Creek (William

H. Dunbar) ; — Northeast Harbor, and elsewhere (Rand) ; —

9

130 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

Prettymarsh (Redfield) ; — Somesville ; Hadlock farm, Seal
Harbor (R. & R.) ; — Bar Harbor (F. M. Day).

GENTIANACE^. Gentian Family.

BARTONIA, Muhl.

B, tenella, Muhl.

Eare. Damp hollows, summit of Green Mt. (Rand, William

C. Lane).

MENYANTHES, L. Buckbean.
M. trifoliata, L.

Bogs ; rare. Northeast Harbor (John L. Wakefield) ; — Somes
Pond (Rand); — Great Duck Island (Redfield) ; — Mt. Desert
(F. L. Temple).

LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmel. Floating Heart.

L. lacunosum (Vent.), Griseb.

Frequent in ponds. Hadlock Lower Pond (William H. Dun-
bar);—Witch Hole (Rand, F. M. Day, Redfield) ; — Ripples
Pond ; Great Pond ; Denning Pond (Rand) ; — Eagle Lake j
Mountain Pond; Newport Pond (Redfield).

BORRAGINACE^. Bokage Family.
MERTENSIA, Roth. Lungwort.
M. maritima (L.), Don. Sea Lungwort.

Frequent on sea beaches, especially on southern coast of jche
Island, and on the Cranberry Isles. Flowers pink to blue, very
rarely white.

LYCOPSIS, L. Bugloss.

L. ARVENSIS, L. Small Bugloss.

Naturalized for years at Fernald Point (William H. Dunbar,
Rand); — also in waste ground, Somesville (Rand). Natural-
ized from Europe.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 131

CONVOLVULACE^. Convolvulus Family.
CONVOLVULUS, L. Bindweed.
C. sepium, L., var. Americanus, Sims. Wild Morning Globt.
Sea beaches; common.

CUSCUTA, L. Dodder.
C. Gronovii, Willd.

Infrequent; mostly on the coast. Growing on various
plants, especially Aster, Solidago, and Ligusticum. Baker
Island (Henry C. Jones, Eedfield) ; — Southwest Harbor ;
Somesville; Sea Wall, etc. (Rand).

SOLANACE^. Nightshade Family.

SOLANUM, L. Nightshade.

S. Dulcamara, L. Bittersweet.

Near dwellings and in low grounds. Hulls Cove; Breakneck
Road (F. M. Day);— Bar Harbor (W. H. Manning). Ad-
ventive from Europe.

S. nigrum, L. Common Nightshade.

Frequent on sea beaches, seldom elsewhere. Cranberry Isles
(John L. Wakefield, R. & R.) ; — Greening Island; Mill Cove;
Bar Harbor; Sea Wall, etc. (Rand). Probably not indigenous
within our limits.

NICANDRA, Adans. Apple of Peru.

N. PHYSALOiDES (L.), Gsertu.

Waste ground, foot of Long Pond (R. & R.). Adventive
from South America.

SCROPHULARIACE^. Figwort Family.

VERBASCUM, L. Mullein.

V. Thapsus, L. Common Mullein.

Fields, pastures, and roadsides; frequent. Naturalized from
Europe.

132 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

LINARIA, Juss. Toad Flax.

L. Canadensis (L.), Dumont. Wild Toad Flax.

Frequent in dry soil. An exceedingly depauperate form in
gravelly hollows among rocks, especially on the mountains.
Browns Mt. ; Flying Mt., etc. (Rand); — shore, Northeast Har-
bor (B. E. J. Gresham); — Baker Island (Redfield).

L. VULGARIS, Mill. Butter-and-Eggs.

Roadsides; infrequent. Southwest Harbor; Town Hill;
Great Cranberry Isle (Rand) ; — Baker Island (Redfield).

CHELONE, L. Snake-head. Turtle-head.

C. glabra, L.

Wet places, along brooks and rills; frequent.

ILYSANTHES, Raf.
I, riparia, Raf. /. gratioloides (L.), Benth. False Pimpernel.

Rare. Muddy border of Somes Stream (R. & R.); — shore
of little mill-pond, Somesville (Rand).

VERONICA, L. Speedwell.

V. scutellata, L. Marsh Speedwell.

Boggy ground; infrequent. Northeast Harbor (William H.
Dunbar); — Ripples Pond; High Head meadow; bog near Sea
Wall (Rand) ; — '' Mt. Desert " (F. M. Day).

V. officinalis, L. Common Speedwell.

Dry ground; rare and local. Roadsides and fields, Salis^-ury
Cove (Faxon, R. & R.); — "Norway Drive," south of Salisbury
Cove (Rand, Mary Minot). Apparently confined to the neigh-
borhood of Salisbury Cove, and appearing both introduced and
indigenous.

V. serpyllifolia, L. Thyme-leaved Speedwell.

Fields, clearings, and roadsides; common. Apparently both
introduced and indigenous.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 133

V. peregrina, L. Purslane Speedwell.

Dry places ; frequent. Flying Mt. (Henry C- Jones) ; — Nor-
wood Cove, etc. (Rand); — -Seal Harbor; Great Cranberry Isle;
Great Duck Island (Redfield); — Somesville (M. L. Fernald);
— mouth of Denning Brook (R. & R.). All plants small and
dwarfed, hardly branched, very unlike the common garden form
of this weed.

V. ARVENSIS, L. CoKN Speedwell.

Dryplaces; infrequent. High Head; Flying Mt. (Rand) ; —
Little Cranberry Isle (Redfield) ; — mouth of Denning Brook
(R. & R.); — Bar Harbor (Dr. H. C. Chapman). Appearing
indigenous here, but said to be naturalized from Europe.

V. BuxBAUMii, Ten.

Waste ground; rare. Norwood Cove (Rand). Adventive
from Europe.

EUPHRASIA, L. Eyebeight.

E. officinalis, L.

Dry ground; common in the southern part of the Island, and
on the neighboring islands. Also Bar Harbor (W. H. Manning).
If introduced, of very early introduction, but probably indige-
nous. Very variable. A form from Sea Wall (Rand), having
extremely small flowers with corolla scarcely spreading, and
leaves less toothed and cut and more crenate, corresponds fairly
well to the description of var. Tatarica, Benth., but does not
agree with herbarium specimens. It appears to be intermediate
between E. curta, Fries, and E. gracilis, Fries. The species,
however, is so variable, and has been so subdivided, that it is
impossible to name with any certainty its subspecies and varie-
ties without a careful study of the type specimens.

RHINANTHUS, L. Yellow Rattle.
R. Crista-galli, L.

Common in fields and on roadsides. If introduced, of very
early introduction.

134 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

PEDICULARIS, L. Lousewobt.
P. Canadensis, L. Common Lousewort.

Fields; common in centre, west, and north of the Island;
rare elsewhere, e. g. Beech Hill (R. & R. ) ; — Northeast Har-
bor; Southwest Harbor (Rand).

MELAMPYRUM. L. Cow Wheat.

M. Americanum, Mx.

Frequent in dry, open woods.

OROBANCHACE^. Broom-rape Family.

EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. Beechdeops.

E. Virginiana (L.), Bart.

Under beech trees; rare. Northern end of Jordan Pond
(Redfield); — Clark Valley (Rand).

APHYLLON, Mitchell. Naked Broom-rape.
A. uniflorum (L.), Gray. One-floweeed Broom-rape.

Low ground, woods and copses; rare. Near Little Harbor;
head of The Barcelona meadow (Rand).

LENTIBULARIACE^. Bladderwort Family.

UTRICULARIA, L. Bladderwort.

U. inflata, Walt. Floating Bladderwort.

Rare. Witch Hole (Rand, F. M. Day, Redfield).

U. clandestina, Nutt.

Rare. Mountain Pond (Rand) ; — pools, west side of Great
Cranberry Isle (R. & R.).

U. vulgaris, L. Greater Bladderwort.

Marshy ponds, pools, and slow streams; common.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 135

U. gibba, L.

Pond shores ; rare. Breakneck Ponds (F. M. Day) ; — Somes
Pond (Rand). A form from mud flats, Somes Pond (Rand),
closely approaches U. bifiora, Lam., and may perhaps prove to
be that species. "The flower has the spurs of U. biflora very
decidedly, but the foliage and the bladders are those of U. gibba.
The spur here is oblong, narrow, not curved but projecting
straightwise, and the perianth is somewhat larger than is gen-
erally the case in U. gibba. Other specimens with foliage and
bladders better represented might show this to be U. biflora,
but at present it is safer to call it ' U. gibba verging towards
U. biflora in flowers.' " Dr. Thomas Morong in litt.

U. intermedia, Hayne.

Bogs and streams ; common. Usually sterile; but in flower,
Breakneck Ponds (R. & R., E. Faxon).

U. purpurea, Walt. Large Purple Bladderwoet.

Ponds; infrequent. Seal Cove Pond (R. & R.); — Aunt
Bettj^s Pond (Rand).

U. resupinata, B. D. Greene. Small Purple Bladderwort.

Pond shores ; rare. Breakneck Ponds (F. M. Day) ; — Rip-
ples Pond (M. L. Fernald).

U. cornuta, Mx. Long-spurred Bladderwort.

Very common on pond shores, in marshes, and sphagnum
bogs.

LABIATE. Mint Family.

TEUCRITJM, L. Germander.
T. Canadense, L. American Germander. Wood Sage.

Infrequent on banks and in low ground by the shore, at the
head of sea beaches. Long Pond (William L. Worcester); —
Duck Cove (Rand) ; — Seal Harbor (Redfield) ; — Southwest
Harbor (Annie S. Downs) ; — Otter Creek (R. & R.).

136 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

MENTHA, L. Mint.

M. VIEIDIS, L. Spearmint.

Eare. Runlet and roadside ditch, Seal Harbor (Redfield); —
head of Ripples Pond (Rand). Naturalized from Europe.

M. SATIVA, L. Whorled Mint.

Brooksides; rare. Northeast Harbor; near Carter Nubble
(Rand) ; — Northeast Creek (M. L. Fernald). Naturalized
from Europe.

M. ARVENSIS, L. Corn Mint.

Roadside ditches and moist ground; infrequent, but not rare
about Southwest Harbor. Also Great Cranberry Isle (R. & R.) ;
— field above Long Pond (Rand). Naturalized from Europe.
A tall form with thinner, more sharply serrate leaves, wet
roadside by Juniper Cove; brooksides, Norwood Cove (Rand).

M. Canadensis, L. Wild Mint.

Wet places and shady banks; frequent. Also Great Cran-
berry Isle (Rand) ; — Little Cranberry Isle (Redfield).

LYCOPUS, L. Water Horehound.

L. Virginicus, L. Bugleweed.

Common in low ground, and often becoming a weed in culti-
vated grounds. Small, depauperate forms are frequent.

L. sinuatus, Ell. Cut-leaved Bugleweed.
Common in wet places.

THYMUS, L. Thyme.
T. Serpyllum, L. Creeping Thyme. '^

Well established in a field, Bar Harbor (Mary Mi not). Ad-
ventive from Europe.

SATUREIA, L. Savory.
S. HORTENSIS, L. Summer Savory.

Escaped from cultivation; in field and waste ground, South-
west Harbor (Rand). Adventive from Europe.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 137

HEDEOMA, Pers. American Pennyroyal,
H. pulegioides (L.), Pers. American Pennyroyal.
Common in dry soil.

NEPETA, L. Catnip.
N. Cataria, L. Catnip.

Eare. Roadside near O'Connor Cove ; Thompson Island
(Annie S. Downs); — waste ground near dwellings, Pernald
Point; Sutton Island (Rand). Adventive from Europe.

N. Glechoma, Bentli. Ground Ivy. Gill-over-the-ground.

Door yards and waste grounds ; infrequent. Somesville;
Southwest Harbor (Rand). Adventive from Europe.

SCUTELLARIA, L. Skullcap.

S. lateriflora, L. Mad-dog Skullcap.

Wet shady places; infrequent. Marsh, Valley Cove; head of
Northeast Creek; High Head meadow (Rand); — Somesville
(Annie S. Downs, Rand); — "Mt. Desert" (F. M. Day); — Bar
Harbor (W. H. Manning).

S. galericulata, L. Common Skullcap.

Common on sea beaches and banks by the shore ; more rarely
on pond shores.

Forma rosea.

Flowers rose-color. Beach, Great Cranberry Isle (Rand).

BRUNELLA, L. Self-heal.
B. vulgaris, L. Common Self-heal.
Woods, fields, and roadsides; common.

Forma albiflora.

Flowers pure white. Meadows above Long Pond (Redfield).

138 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

LEONURUS, L. Motherwort.
L. Cardiac A, L. Common Motherwort.

Waste places aud by dwellings; rare. Tarr Valley, near Fer-
nald Point (Annie S. Downs) ; — Oak Hill ; Sargent Cove
(Rand). Adventive from Europe.

GALEOPSIS, L. Hemp Nettle.
G. Tetrahit, L. Common Hemp Nettle.

A common weed in waste places and in cultivated grounds.
Said to be naturalized from Europe, but appearing indigenous,
at least in northern New England.

STACHYS, L. Hedge Nettle.
S. ARVENSIS, L. Woundwort.

Rare. Field, Bar Harbor (Mary Minot). Adventive from
Europe.

PLANTAGINACE^. Plantain Family.

PLANTAGO, L. Plantain.
P. major, L. Common Plantain.

Fields and waysides; very common. Commonly naturalized
from Europe. This plant, however, is found all over the Island
in many places so remote from dwellings or cultivated grounds
as to lead to the inference that it may be also indigenous.
Thick-leaved saline forms are frequent on sea beaches. Little
Harbor; Little Cranberry Isle (Redfield) ; — Great Cranberry
Isle (Rand).

P. lanceolata, L. Ribgrass.

Waysides and grass lands; formerly rare, but of late years
becoming more common. Mill Cove; Little Harbor; Southwest
Harbor (Rand); — Bar Harbor (Rand, W. H. Manning).

P. decipiens, Barn. Sea Plantain.

Very common in salt marshes, on beaches, and among rocks
on the shore.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 139

P. Patagonica, Jacq., var. aristata (Mx.), Gray.

Eare. Field, Southwest Harbor (Annie S. Downs); — Bar
Harbor (W. H. Manning). Adventive from the West.

Division III. APETAL^.

AMARANTACE^. Amaranth Family.

AMARANTTJS, L. Amaranth.

A. RETROFLEXUS, L. Amakanth PlGWEED.

Roadsides and cultivated grounds; becoming frequent. Bar
Harbor ; Southwest Harbor ; Somesville ; Long Pond, etc.
(Rand) ; — Seal Harbor, etc. (Redfield). Adventive from Trop-
ical America.

A. albUS, L. TUMBLEWEED.

Cultivated grounds; becoming frequent. Southwest Harbor;
Long Pond; Seal Harbor, etc. (Rand); — field on Northeast
Creek (M. L. Fernald). Adventive from the South and West.

CHENOPODIACE^. Goosefoot Family.
SPINACIA, L. Spinach.

Dioecious ; flowers axillary, glomerate. Staminate flowers in
racemose-paniculate clusters, calyx 4-5-parted, the lobes equal.
Calyx of pistillate flowers ventricose-tubular, 2-3-toothed; ovary
ovoid, styles 4, elongated, filiform, achene included in the tur-
gid indurated calyx, which is often 2-3-horned on the back;
seed vertical and compressed; embryo annular, surrounding the
farinaceous albumen. Darlington, Am. Weeds and Useful
Plants (Rev. ed.), 274.

S. GLABRA, Mill.

Herbaceous, glabrous throughout; leaves sagittate, sometimes
oblong-ovate, entire, acute, slender-petioled ; flowers green ;
fruiting calyx solitary, rounded, without prickles, toothed at

140 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

the apex. [For a more detailed description, see DC. Prod.,
xiii. 2. 118.] Abundant in waste ground, Somesville (Rand).
Adventive from Asia.

CHENOPODIUM, L. Pigweed.

C. ALBUM, L. Pigweed.

A common weed in cultivated ground, and on sea beaches.
Very variable. Naturalized from Europe.

ATRIPLE2, L. Orache.
A. patulum, L., var. hastatum (L.), Gray.

Sea beaches, salt marshes, etc. ; very common and variable.
Both prostrate and erect forms are found.

Var. littorale (L.), Gray.

Rare. Beach, Great Cranberry Isle (Rand).

SALICORNIA, L. Samphike.
S. herbacea, L.

Salt meadows, and muddy shores on the coast; common.

SU-fflDA, Forskal. Sea Elite.

S. linearis (Ell.), Moq.
Common on sea beaches.

SALSOLA, L. Saltwort.
S. Kali, L.

Sea beaches; frequent, especially on Cranberry Isles.

POLYGONACE^. Buckwheat Family.
RUMEX, L. Dock. Sorrel.

R. PatienTIA, L. Patience Dock.

Rare. Dry fields near Little Harbor (Redfield). Adventive
from Europe.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 141

R. Britannica, L. Great Water Dock.

Common in swamps and wet places back of sea beaches ; less
common in wet ground farther inland, — Long Pond meadows;
Somesville (Kedfield).

R. salicifolius, Weinm. White Dock.

Sea beaches; frequent, especially on Cranberry Isles and
western and northern shores of the Island. Also Northeast
Harbor; Sea Wall (Kand); — Bar Harbor (W. H. Manning).

R. verticillatus, L. Swamp Dock.

Eare. Marsh on Northeast Creek; Norwood Cove (Rand).

R. CRISPUS, L. Curled Dock.

Common in cultivated and waste ground. Naturalized from
Europe.

R. OBTUSIFOLTUS, L. BiTTER DoCK.

Waste places; rare. Somesville (Rand); — Bar Harbor (W.
H. Manning). Adventive from Europe.

R. ACETOSELLA, L. FlELD SoRREL.

A very common weed in fields and waste places. Naturalized
from Europe.

POLYGONUM, L. Knotweed.
P. aviculare, L. Doorweed.

A common weed about dwellings, by roadsides, etc. Vari-
able; erect or prostrate.

P. Rail, Bab.

Stems long, straggling, prostrate; leaves bending towards
the stem, elliptic-lanceolate, flat; ochrese lanceolate, acute, with
few distinct simple veins, at length torn; nut smooth, shining,
exceeding the perianth. Resembling P. aviculare in habit,
but P. viarithmim in fruit. Filaments broader at the base. It
varies with smaller leaves and flowers. Babington, Man. Brit.
Bot. (4th ed.) 285. Common on sea beaches. This species has
been often mistaken for P. maritimum, and so reported. So
far as known, however, P. maritimum is not found within the

142 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

limits of this list. The specimen attributed to Mt. Desert in
Bull. Torr, Bot. Club, xix. 362, is now pronounced to be P.
JRaii (fide J. K. Small).

P. lapathifolium, L.

In cultivated grounds; rare. Southwest Harbor (Rand).
Doubtless introduced.

P. Hartwrightii, Gray.

Rare. Bog, Southwest Harbor (Rand).
P. Careyi, Olney.

Rare. Wet ground on wood road, Town Hill (M. L. Fernald).
P. PersicAKIA, L. Lady's Thcmb.

Common in waste and damp places. Variable. Naturalized
from Europe.

P. Hydropiper, L. Water Pepper.
Common in wet places.

P. sagittatum, L. Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb.
Low grounds; common.

P. Convolvulus, L. Black Bindweed.

Waste grounds and beaches; common. Naturalized from
Europe.

P. cilinode, Mx.

Woods and copses, especially in clearings; common.

FAGOPYRUM, Gaertn. Buckwheat.
F. ESCULENTUM, Moench.

Waste ground. Southwest Harbor (Rand). Adventive from
Europe.

EUPHORBIACE^. Spurge Family.
EUPHORBIA, L. Spurge.
E. CtpARISSIAS, L, Gravetard Flower.

Escaped from cultivation to roadsides and waste places. Bar
Harbor; Southwest Harbor; High Head (Rand); — Town Hill
(Greenleaf, Lane & Rand); — Somesville (R. & R.). Natural-
ized from Europe.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 143

URTICACE^. Nettle Family.

ULMUS, L. Elm.

U". Americana, L. American Elm.

Rare. Fields and roadsides, Eden (Rand). Introduced in
other parts of the Island.

URTICA, L. Nettle.
U. gracilis, Ait.

Frequent about and at the heads of sea beaches. Sometimes
in waste ground.

* U. URENS, L.

Rare. Shore of Little Cranberry Isle (Redfield). Adventive
from Europe.

PARIETARIA, L. Pellitory.

P. Pennsylvanica, Muhl.

Rare. Shores of Little Cranberry Isle (Redfield). Doubt-
less naturalized from farther south.

MYRICACE^. Sweet Gale Family.
MYRICA, L. Bayberry.
M. Gale, L. Sweet Gale.

Borders of ponds, streams, and wet meadows ; common.
M. cerifera, L. Bayberry.

Rocks on coast; common. Also Browns Mt.; Somesville;
Mt. Desert Narrows, etc. (Rand).

M. asplenifolia, L. ComjHonia asplenifolia (L.), Ait. Sweet
Fern.

Dry hills, fields, and borders of woods; common.

144 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

CUPULIFER^. Oak Family.
BETULA, L. Birch.
B. lenta, L. Black Birch. Sweet Birch.

Woods and copses ; frequent.
B. lutea, IVIx. f. Yellow Birch.

Common in woods.
B. populifolia, Marsh. White Birch. Gray Birch.
Very common in poor soil.

B. papyrifera, Marsh. B. papyracea, Ait. Paper Birch. Canoe

Birch.
Common in woods.

ALNUS, L. Alder.
A. viridis (Chaix), DC. Green Alder.

Very common at all altitudes in dry soil.
A. incana (L.), Willd. Speckled Alder.

Common in low grounds.

CORYLUS, L. Hazel-nut.

C. rostrata, Ait. Beaked Hazel-nut.

Frequent in woods and clearings, and by roadsides. North-
west Cove; Emery District; Dog Mt. ; Sargent Mt. ; Aunt
Mollys Beach ; Somesville, etc, (Rand) ; — Echo Notch (R.
& R.).

QUERCUS, L. Oak.
Q. rubra, L. Red Oak.

Frequent; widely distributed, but nowhere very abundant;
rare in the south of the Island. Much dwarfed on the moun-
tains. During the early history of the Island oaks were ap-
parently abundant, although probably of this species only. At
a very early day, however, the oak woods began to be felled for
timber. At Somesville, it is said, there was an oak wood on
the shores of Somes Harbor, which attracted the attention of

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 145

Abraham Somes, of Gloucester, Mass., when he chanced to sail
up the Sound about 1760. He spent the summer in that vicinity
making barrel staves, and then returned home with his cargo.
The following year he returned to Somes Harbor for the same
purpose, and finally, in 1762, built a house on the shore of the
harbor near the present steamboat wharf, and began the per-
manent settlement of Mt. Desert Island.
Q. ilicifolia, Wang. Bear Oak. Black Scrub Oak.
Kare. Dog Mt. (Rand, Elizabeth G. Britton).

FAGUS, L. Beech.
F. ferruginea, Ait. American Beech.
Woods; common.

SALICACE^. Willow Family.
SALIX, L. Willow.

S. lucida, Muhl. Shining Willow.

Wet places and borders of brooks and ponds; frequent. Otter
Creek Brook ; Great Pond ; Northwest Cove, etc. (Rand) ; —
Bubble Pond; Jordan Pond; Long Pond meadows, etc. (Red-
field).
Forma latifolia.

Leaves Ij' wide, rounded or subacute at base, cuspidate-
acuminate. Swamp north of Beech Hill; Southwest Harbor
(Rand) ;— Bubble Pond (R. & R.).
Forma angustifolia.

Leaves narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a long point. Long
Pond meadows; Thompson Island, etc. (Rand).
S. FRAGlLis, L. Crack Willow. Brittle Willow.

Bog, Clark Point, Southwest Harbor; Somesville (Rand).
Naturalized from Europe.
S. FRAGiLis X ALBA, Wimmcr.

Aments leafy-peduncled, slender, loosely flowered ; stamens 2,
villous at base; scale yellowish, lingulate; capsule very short-
pedicelled, conico-cylindrical, glabrous; style very short, stig-

10

146 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

mas spreading, recurved, 2-lobed; gland embracing the pedicel;
leaves broadly lanceolate tapering to a prolonged slender point,
glabrous and shining above, silvery-silky beneath when young.
Wimmer, Salices Europseae, 133. Southwest Harbor (R. & R.).
All the common large willow trees of the Island probably be-
long either to *S'. fragilis or to this hybrid. Both were of early
introduction, and have become spontaneous all over the Island.
Forms of S. alba may also be looked for.

S. rostrata, Richardson. S. livida, Wahl., var. occidentalis,
Gray.

Very common in either wet or dry soil.
S. discolor, Muhl. Common Swamp Willow,

Very common in low grounds.
S. humilis X discolor, Bebb.

Leaves as broad and large as those of S. humilis, but duller
green, softly tomentose beneath, and with shorter petioles; the
aments thick as those of S. humilis, but usually recurved, and
the capsules on shorter pedicels. Bebb, Gray Man., 6th ed.,
483. Swamp, Southwest Harbor (Redfield).

S. humilis, Marsh. Low Willow. Pdssy Willow.

Common in dry or wet ground everywhere from sea level to
mountain summits. Forms with large leaves may be described
as follows : —

Var. grandifolia, Anders. DC. Prod., xvi. 2. 236.

Leaves obovate-oblong 3'-4' long, 1|' broad above the middle,
shining above. Appearing in the following forms: —

Forma obtusifolia.

Leaves very short-pointed; either smooth and glaucous, or
slightly tomentose beneath. Near Great Pond (R. & R-); —
Sutton Island (Rand).

Forma acuminata.

Leaves more attenuate-pointed; glaucous and tomentose be-
neath, generally becoming smooth. Seal Harbor (Redfield) ; —
wood road to Denning Pond (Rand).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 147

This species and others, especially S. discolor, often hear cone-
shaped galls on the ends of the branches. These consist of im-
bricated leaves, and are caused by the deposit of eggs of insects.

S. tristis, Ait. Dwarf Gray Willow.

Rare. Hollows, between Northeast Harbor and Little Har-
bor (Rand). Perhaps introduced in this locality from beyond
our limits.

S. petiolaris, Smith.

Frequent. Somesville; Bass Harbor Marsh; Great Cran-
berry Isle; Long Pond meadows, etc. (Rand). The type passes
into the next variety.

Var. angustifolia, Anders. S. rosmarinifolia (Herb. Hook.),
Barratt & Hooker.

Leaves narrowly lanceolate, almost linear, margin slightly
serrulate or subentire, glaucous beneath, at first silky, at length
glabrate. DC. Prod., xvi. 2. 234. Common on meadows and
heaths. Long Pond meadows ; Pond Heath ; Northeast Meadow,
etc. (R. & R.). The silky hairs of the young leaves are usu-
ally of a rusty color.

S. cordata, Muhl. Heart-leaved Willow.

Rare. Roadside near Denning Pond ; Southwest Harbor
(Rand).

S. balsamifera (Hook.), Barratt. Balsam Willow.

Widely distributed, but nowhere very abundant. Southwest
Harbor; Sargent Mt. ; Beech Hill; Ripples Pond; Somes Pond;
Denning Brook; Beech Mt. Notch; The Hio; Doctors Brook;
road, west side of Browns Mt., etc. (Rand) ; — Seal Harbor
(Redfield); — Browns Mt. (E. Faxon); — High Head meadow
(Faxon & Rand); — Long Pond meadows (R. & R.).

POPULUS, L. Poplar. Aspen.
P. tremuloides, Mx. Aspen.
Frequent in woods.

148 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

P. grandidentata, Mx. Large-toothed Aspen.

Frequent in woods.

P. balsamifera, L. Balm of Gilead.

Frequent about dwellings, etc. Apparently introduced, and
naturalized by seedlings. Oak Hill, etc. (Eand) ; — Southwest
Harbor (Elizabeth G. Britton, Rand) ; — Seal Harbor (Eed-
field); — and elsewhere. At Somesville, however, and east of
Town Hill, remote from dwellings, it appears to be indigenous.

P. DILATATA, L. LOMBARDY POPLAR.

Occasionally by roadsides, etc., and sometimes spontaneous,
Somesville; Southwest Harbor (Rand); — Oak Hill (Redfieid).
Adventive from Europe.

EMPE TRACED. Crowbekry Family.

EMPETRUM, L. Crowberry.

E. nigrum, L. Black Crowberry.

Common on cliffs along the coast and on the islands. Often
in heaths and bogs ; The Heath, Great Cranberry Isle ; Sunken
Heath; Great Heath (Rand); — more rarely on mountains and
hills ; Barr Hill ; Green Mt. (Redfieid) ; — Sargent Mt. (Rand).
Also Duck Islands (Redfieid).

COREMA, Don. Broom Crowberry.
C. Conradii, Torr.

Dry rocky places; rare and local. Asticou; Little Harbor
(Lane & Rand): — Barr Hill, in a number of localities; hill
between Long Pond and Little Harbor Brook (Redfieid) ; —
Beech Mt. ; Dog Mt. (Rand) ; — Beech Hill (Annie S, Downs,
Sara E. Boggs) ; — Ship Harbor (Annie S. Downs) ; — in great
abundance in pine barrens, east of Ship Harbor; west of Hio
(Rand).*

* Corema also grows in abundance with Pinus Banksiana, near Prospect
Harbor, Gouldsborough (Redfieid).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 149

Class II. DICOTYLEDONES GYMNOSPERME^.

CONIFERS. Pine Family.

PINUS, L. Pine.*
P. Strobus, L. White Pine.

Frequent.
P. rigida, Mill. Pitch Pine.

Barren soil; not uncommon, but local. Browns Mt., etc.
(R. & E,.). Very abundant on Newport Mt,

P. resinosa, Ait. Bed Pine. Nobwat Pinb.
Frequent.

PICEA, Link. Spruce.
P. nigra (Ait.), Link. Abies nigra, Poir. Black Spruce.

Common.
P. alba (Ait.), Link. Abies alba, Mx. "White Spruce.

Common. More common near the coast than the preceding
species. A very beautiful glaucous or blue form is not uncom-
mon in different parts of the Island.

TSUGA, Carr. Hemlock.
T. Canadensis (L.), Carr.

Infrequent, except in old woods. Also on Cranberry Isles.

ABIES, Juss. Fir.
A. balsamea (L.), Mill. Balsam Fir.
Common.

LARIX, Adans. Larch.
L. Americana, Mx. Hackmatack. Tamarack.
Common. Also on Cranberry Isles.

* P. Banksiana, Lamb., is found in abundance on Schoodic Peninsula,
across Frenchman Bay, but has not yet been found on Mount Desert Island,

150 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

THUJA, L. Arbor-Vit^.
T. occidentalis, L.

Very common. Usually called White Cedar on the Island.

JUNIPERUS, L. Juniper.
J. communis, L. Common Juniper.

Common in dry ground, on rocky cliffs, etc. Very low-spread-
ing, and variable.

J. Sabina, L., var. procumbens, Pursh. Creeping Juniper.

Frequent in dry fields or on rocky cliffs along the coast.
Roberts Point, Northeast Harbor; Pierce Head; Sargent Mt.
(Rand); — shores Seal Harbor (Redfield); — Bar Harbor (Bea-
trix Jones); — Bald Porcupine Island (W. H. Manning); —
very common in dry fields, Sutton Island (Rand et als.).

TAXUS, L. Yew.
T. Canadensis, Willd. Yew. Ground Hemlock.
Common in deep moist woods and glens.

Class III. MONOCOTYLEDONES.

ORCHIDACE^. Orchid Family.

MICROSTYLIS, ISTutt. Adder's Mouth.
M. ophioglossoides (Willd.), ISTutt.

Not infrequent, and very generally distributed over the Island
and the Cranberry Isles, in low moist ground. Also Sargent
Mt. ; summit of Flying Mt. (Rand).

LIPARIS, Richard. Twayblade.
L. Loeselii (L.), Richard.

Local. On Stanley Brook, Seal Harbor (G. Hunt) ; — swamp
on Breakneck road (Brigham) ; — near Kings Point, and on
Clark Point, Southwest Harbor; Somesville; field. Juniper
Cove (Rand).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 151

CORALLORHIZA, R. Br. Coral-root.

C. innata, E. Br.

Deep woods; infrequent. Hadlock Upper Pond (H. C. Jones,
Rand); — Southwest Valley; Cold Brook; Little Harbor Brook
Notcli ; Clark Valley (Rand) ; — Sargent Mt. (Brigham); —
woods, Jordan Pond road (Redfield) ; — woods, off Town Hill
road, Somesville (R. B. Worthington).

C. multiflora, Nutt.

Infrequent, and not as widely distributed as the last. Had-
lock Valley (Rand, Redfield); — Bar Island, Bar Harbor (F.
M. Day); — woods, Hadlock Upper Pond; Cold Brook; Clark
Valley (Rand).

LISTERA, R. Br. Twayblade.

L. cordata (L.), R. Br.
Rare. Cold Brook (Rand).

L. convallarioides (Swz.), Nutt.

Very rare. Woods, head of The Barcelona meadow (Rand).

SPIRANTHES, Richard. Ladies' Tresses.

S. Romanzoffiana, Cham.

Frequent in damp ground or meadows. Flowering in late
July and August, earlier than the next.

S. cernua (L.), Richard.

Very common in damp ground. Flowering in late August,
September, and early October.

S. gracilis (Bigel.), Beck.

Infrequent. Roadside near Little Harbor (W. C. Lane) ; —
Beech Cliff ; roadsides, Northeast Harbor, and near Fernald
Cove; Norwood Road, Southwest Harbor (Rand); — Barr Hill;
fields north of Long Pond (Redfield) ; — Southwest Harbor
(Annie S. Downs).

152 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

GOODYERA, E. Br. Rattlesnake Plantain.
G. repens (L.), E. Br.

Frequent in deep woods. Also on Cranberry Isles.
G. pubescens (Willd.), R. Br.

Rare. Sargent Mt. Gorge ; Cold Brook (Rand).

ARETHUSA. L.
A. bulbosa, L.

Common in sphagnum bogs. A form with two scapes, each
two-flowered, Sea Wall Swamp; meadow on Denning Brook
(Rand).

Forma albiflora.

Flowers pure white. Sea Wall Swamp (Redfield, Faxon &
Rand) ; — Somes Pond Swamp ; Sunken Heath (Rand) ; — Great
Heath, etc. (Annie S. Downs).

Forma subcaerulea.

Flowers bluish or lavender in color. Swamp on Denning
Brook (Rand).

CALOPOGON, R. Br.
C. pulchellus (Willd.), R. Br.

Common, usually in sphagnum bogs.

POGONIA, Juss.

P. ophioglossoides (L.), Ker.

Common in sphagnum bogs and on wet pond shores. On the
Island this and the two plants last named are called indis-
criminately by the name of Swamp Pink.

Forma albiflora.

Flowers pure white. Jordan Pond (Rand); — Sea Wall;
Great Heath (Annie S. Downs).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 153

HABENARIA, Willd.
H. tridentata (Willd.), Hook.

Common in moist ground.
H. hyperborea (L.), R. Br.

Rare. Swamp, Xortheast Harbor (Rand) ; — trail between
Jordan Pond and Northeast Harbor (Redfield).

H. dilatata (Pursh), Gray.*

Frequent in swampy ground.
H. obtusata (Pursh), Richardson.

Deep, mossy woods ; infrequent. Sargent Mt. Gorge ; woods,
head of The Barcelona meadow; Cold Brook (Rand); — Seal
Harbor (Redfield) ; — Little Cranberry Isle (Redfield, Harriet
A. Hill).

H. Hookeri, Torr. f

Rare. Woods near Otter Creek (Helen B. Walley).

H. orbiculata (Pursh), Torr.

Deep woods; infrequent. Sargent Mt. Gorge; Northwest
Arm woods (Rand); — woods, southern end of Great Pond (An-
nie S. Downs); — Seal Harbor (Redfield, Lizzie Churchill);

— Little Cranberry Isle (Redfield, Harriet A. Hill).

H. fimbriata (Ait.), R. Br. Pukple-fkinged Orchis.

Common in swampy ground. A small-flowered form of this
species has sometimes been taken for H. psycodes, a species not
as yet discovered on the Island.

Forma albiflora.

Flowers pure white. Hadlock Upper Pond (B. E. J. Gresham) ;

— Long Pond meadows (Redfield).

CYPRIPEDIUM, L. Lady's Slipper.
C. spectabile, Salisb. Showy Lady's Slipper.
Swamp, Northeast Harbor (Rand).

* Not of Hooker. See A. Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y., iii. 231.
t H. Hookeriana, Torr., is the more correct name.

154 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

C. acaule, Ait. Stemless Lady's Slipper.

Common in woods.
Forma albiflorum.

Flowers pure white, or white with indistinct pink veins.
Near Breakneck Ponds (Rand) ; — Beech Mt. Notch ; woods,
Hadlock Lower Pond (R. & R.).

IRIDACE^. Iris Family.

IRIS, L. Blue Flag.
I. versicolor, L.

Very common everywhere in moist ground, especially in low
grounds near the coast.

SISYRINCHIUM, L. Blue-eyed Grass.
S. angustifolium, Mill. S. Bermudiana, L.*

Common in grassy places. Whatever may he the fact in re-
gard to the specific rank of S. anceps and S. vmcronatum, all the
Island forms must be referred to S. angustifolium. A specimen
with a single spathe, collected by F. M. Day, in 1882, probably
in the vicinity of Bar Harbor, has been somewhat doubtfully
marked S. anceps in the herbarium. A recent and more careful
examination, however, seems to show that it is nothing more than
S. an giisti folium with smaller, probably immature seeds. It is
worthy of remark that not a specimen of the true *S^. anceps form
has yet been found on the Island, although S. angustifolium is
so very abundant. This fact is evidence that these forms of the
plant merit at least varietal distinction.

LILIACE.^. Lily Family.
HEMEROCALLIS, L. Day Lily.

H. FULVA, L.

Often by roadsides near dwellings; escaped from cultivation.
Town Hill (R. &R,); — Somesville; Emery District; South-
west Harbor (Rand). Adventive from Europe.

* See Morong, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xx. 467.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 155

POLYGONATUM, Adans. Solomon's Seal.

P. biflorum (Walt.), Ell. Smaller Solomon's Seal.

Infrequent. Head of Little Harbor Brook Notcli; woods,
Deer Brook ; Canada Valley; copses, Long Pond meadows
(Rand) ; — Hadlock Valley (Redfield); — Rum Key, Porcupine
Islands (F. M. Day).

ASPARAGUS, L.

A. OFFICINALIS, L. Garden Asparagus.

Escaped from cultivation; in uncultivated field. Southwest
Harbor (Rand). Adventive from Europe.

SMILACINA, Desf. False Solomon's Seal.

S. racemosa (L.), Desf. False Spikenard.

Infrequent. Head of Northeast Harbor; woods. Deer Brook;
Northwest Arm woods; Southwest Valley road (Rand); — Had-
lock Valley ; Browns Mt. Notch (Redfield) ; — Rum Key, Porcu-
pine Islands (F. M. Day).

S. stellata (L.), Desf.

Very rare. Porcupine Islands (F. M. Day).
S. trifolia (L.), Desf.

Frequent in peat bogs.

MAIANTHEMUM, Wiggers.

M. Canadense, Desf. Smilacina bifolia, Ker., var. Canadensis,
Gray. Dwarf Solomon's Seal.

Common everywhere in woods, copses, and clearings.

STREPTOPUS, Mx. Twisted Stalk.
S. amplexifolius (L.), DC.

Frequent in deep woods, especially along mountain brooks.
S. roseus, Mx.

Frequent in deep woods. Perhaps more common than the last.

156 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

CLINTONIA, Eaf. Wild Lily of the Valley.
C. borealis (Ait.), Raf.

Common in deep, moist woods.

OAKESIA, S. Wats.

0. sessilifolia (L.), S. Wats. Uvular la sessilifolia, L. Common
Bellwort.
Common in deciduous woods and in copses.

ERYTHRONIUM, L. Dog-tooth Violet.

E. Americanum, Ker.

Rare. Low ground, Clark Point, Southwest Harbor; Fernald
Point (Anna H. Bee).

LILIUM, L. Lily.
L. Philadelphicum, L. Blackberry Lily. "Wild Red Lily.

Local, and not widely distributed. Schooner Head (Rand) ; —
Sargent Mt. ; Somesville (R. & R.); — Norway Drive, and
country about Salisbury Cove (F. M. Day, Clara L. Walley,
Mary Minot, Margaret A. Rand) .

L. Canadense, L. Wild Yellow Lily. Canada Lily.

Rare. Salisbury Cove (Mary Minot). Very common, how-
ever, on the mainland. ^

MEDEOLA, L. Indian Cucumber Root.

M. Virginiana, L.

Frequent in rich woods.

TRILLIUM, L. Wake Robin.
T. erythrocarpum, Mx. Painted Trillium.
Frequent in damp woods.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 157

PONTEDERIACE^. Pickekel-weed Family.

PONTEDERIA, L. Pickerel-weed.

P. cordata, L.

Streams and muddy pond shores ; common. Forms are some-
times found corresponding to var. angustifolia (Pursh), Torr.

XYRIDACEiE. Yellow-eyed Grass Family.

XYRIS, L. Yellow-eyed Grass.
X. flexuosa, Muhl., var. pusilla, Gray.

Peat bogs and sandy shores; rare and local. Hadlock Ponds
(Wm. H. Dunbar, Hand) ; — Breakneck Ponds (A. H. Smith,
E. H. Day) ; — Jordan Pond (T. G. White, Eedfield, Annie M.
Kaud). It is possible that this may be distinct from X.fiexuosa,
and entitled to specific rank. See Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xix. 38,
where this plant is described as Xyria montana, K-ies, — Xyria
being an evident typographical error for Xyris. The specific
name montana, there chosen, is most unfortunately inappropriate.

JUNCACE^. KusH Family.
JUNCUS, L. EusH.

J. effusus, L. Common Rush.
Very common in wet ground.

J. filiformis, L.

Eare. Edge of pool on Heaths Brook, Tremont, near head
of the Marsh (M. L. Fernald).

J. Balticus, Dethard, var. littoralis, Engelm.

Common in wet brackish ground on the coast. Also on
White Beach, southern end of Great Pond (Eand).

J, Greenei, Oakes & Tuck.

Dry ground; rare. Sargent Mt. (Eand); — Southwest Har-
bor (M. L. Fernald).

158 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

J. tenuis, Willd.

Fields and roadsides; very common.
Var. secundus (Beauv.), Engelm.

Kara. Dog Mt. (Rand).
J. Gerardi, Loisel. Black Grass.

Salt marshes ; common.
J. bufonius, L.

Low ground, especially by roadsides ; very common.
J. pelocarpus, E. Meyer.

Wet meadows and pond shores; common. A proliferous
form, Denning Pond (Rand).
J. articulatus, L.

Wet grounds and roadsides; frequent. Northeast Harbor
(Greenleaf, Rand) ; — Somesville (Redfield) ; — Southwest Har-
bor; High Head (Rand).

J. militaris, Bigel.

Common in streams and ponds.
J. acuminatus, Mx.

Mt. Kebo (Greenleaf) ; — near Long Pond (Redfield). Prob-
ably not uncommon, but as yet seldom reported.

J. Canadensis, J. Gay, var. longicaudatus, Engelm.

Frequent. Great Head (Redfield) ; — Southwest Harbor;
Hadlock Upper Pond; Denning Pond (Rand); — Cranberry
Isles; Somesville (R. & R.).
Var. coarctatus, Engelm.

Very common.

LUZULA, DC. Wood Rush.
L. vemalis, DC. L. pilosa (L.), Willd.

Infrequent. Clearing north of Pond Heath ; meadow between
Somesville and Town Hill (Rand) ; — clearings on Indian Point
road, Somesville (R. & R.).
L. campestris (L.), DC.

Common in fields, clearings, etc.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 159

TYPHACE^. Cat-tail Family.

TYPHA, L. Cat-tail Flag.
T. latifolia, L.

Bogs and marshes ; frequent.

SPARGANIUM, L. Bur-reed.
S. simplex, Huds.

Common in shallow water, in brooks and ditches. Very
variable.

Var. androcladam, Engelm.

Common. From a study of Mt. Desert specimens it appears
better not to recognize this variety as entitled to specific rank.
There is no well defined dividing line between it and S. simplex,
and occasionally the two forms appear on the same plant.

Var. fluitans, Engelm.

Floating in water of moderate depth. Somes Pond; South-
east Creek, Bass Harbor (Rand) ; — Witch Hole (Redfield).

Var. angustifolium (Mx.), Engelm.

Rare. Seal Cove Pond (R. & R.); — pool. Hunters Brook
(Rand). Apparently also in Hadlock Upper Pond (Rand).

S. minimum, Fries.

Ponds and streams ; frequent. The Barcelona ; Hadlock
Upper Pond, etc. (Rand); — Jordan Stream (R. & R.); —
Northeast Creek (M. L. Fernald).

ARACE^. Arum Family.

ARIS^MA, Mart. Indian Turnip.
A. triphyllum (L.), Torr. Jack-in-the-Pulpit.

Rich woods, boggy places, and meadows ; infrequent. Jordan
Pond trail from Northeast Harbor ; The Barcelona meadow ;
Northeast Meadow (Rand) ; — roadside, north of Doctors Creek
(R. & R.).

160 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

CALLA, L. Water Arum.

C. palustris, L. Wild Calla Lilt.

Eare. Kear Northeast Harbor (F. L. Temple) ; — The Heath,
Great Cranberry Isle (Arnold Greene, Eedfield).

SYMPLOCARPUS, Salisb. Skunk Cabbage.

S. fcetidus (L.), Nutt.

Swamps ; rare. Cranberry Isles (H. C. Jones, Eand, Red-
field) ; Sea Wall and vicinity (Rand). So far as at present
known the distribution of this species is very peculiar. There
seems to be no good reason why it should be confined to such a
limited area. It may be noted that a slight elevation of the
coast line would connect the Cranberry Isles, where it occurs
most frequently, with Mt. Desert Island at the Sea Wall and
vicinity, where it also occurs.

ACORUS, L. Sweet Flag.
A. Calamus, L.

Low grounds ; rare. Near head of Doctors Creek ; near
Otter Creek (Redfield) ; on the "Overflow Brook," Somesville
(R. & R.).

ALISMACE^. Water-Plantain Family.

SAGITTARIA, L. Arrowhead.
S. variabilis, Engelm.

Common in shallow water or wet places. Verj- variable; the
various so-called varieties or forms apparently passing into one
another by intermediate forms.

Forma hastata.

Common.
Forma obtusa.

Somes Stream (W. H. Dunbar, R. & R.).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 161

Forma angnstifolia,

Near Bar Harbor (F. M. Day) ; — Seal Cove Pond ; Eipples
Pond (Rand) ; — Somesville (R. & R.).

S. graminea, Mx,

Infrequent. Somes Stream (W. H. Dunbar, R. & R., Arnold
Greene); — Great Pond; Seal Cove Pond (Rand).

NAIADACE^. PoNDWEED Family.

TRIGLOCHIN, L. Arrow Grass.
T. maritima, L.

Common in salt marshes, and on muddy coast shores.

SCHEUCHZERIA, L.
S. palustris, L.

Rare. Sunken Heath (Faxon, Rand); — The Heath, Great
Cranberry Isle (R. & R.).

POTAMOGETON, L. Poxdweed.

P. natans, L.

Ponds and deep streams; frequent. Seal Cove Pond; Great
Pond (Rand); — Somes Pond (R. &, R.); — Northeast Creek;
Witch Hole (Redfield).

P. Oakesianus, Robbins.

Rare. Northeast Creek; Bubble Pond (R. & R.).
P. Pennsylvanicus, Cham. P. Claytonii, Tuck.

Common in ponds, streams, and ditches. A very slender
deep-water form. Somes Pond (Rand).

P. hybridus, Mx. P. diver si folius, Raf.

Rare. Ripples Pond (Feruald, Rand). With and without
floating leaves.

P. perfoliatus, L.

Infrequent. Long Pond; Jordan Stream (Redfield) ; — North-
east Creek (E. Faxon, Rand, M. L. Fernald).

II

162 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

Var. lanceolatus, Robbins. Var. Iilchardso7iii, Bennett.

Rare. Northwest Arm, Great Pond (M. L. Fernald).
P. pusillus, L.

Rare. Northeast Creek (M. L. Fernald).

RUPPIA, L. Ditch Grass.
R. maritima, L.

Ponds and streams of brackish water along coast; common.

ZOSTERA, L. Eel Grass.
Z. marina, L.

Very common in shoal water along the coast.

NAIAS, L. Naiad.
N. flexilis (Willd.), Rostk. & Schmidt.
Rare. Ripples Pond (Rand).

ERIOCAULE^. PiPEwoRT Family.

ERIOCAULON, L. Pipewort.

E. septangulare, With.

Common in ponds and along pond borders. Sometimes in
deep water, sending to the surface scapes six to ten feet in
length, as in Jordan Pond (R. & R.).

CYPERACE^. Sedge Family.

DULICHIUM, Pers. --

D. spathaceum (L.), Pers,

Frequent on borders of ponds and streams.

ELEOCHARIS, R. Br. Spike Rush.

E. ovata (Roth), R. Br. E. obtusa, (Willd.), Schultes.
Uncommon. Muddy margins of mill-pond and of Somes

Stream, Somesville ; bog-hole, High Head; stream near head of
Southwest Harbor (Rand).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 163

E. olivacea, Torr.

Eare. Sandy margin of Somes Stream (M. L. Fernald).
E. palustris (L.), E. Br.

Swamps ; infrequent. Seal Harbor ; Baker Island (Eed-
field).

Var. glaucescens (Willd.), Gray.

Very common in marshy ground along the coast. Southwest
Harbor; Sea Wall; Somesville; Great Cranberry Isle, etc.
(Kand) ; — Great Duck Island (Eedfield) .

E. tenuis (Willd.), Schultes.

Wet ground and pond shores; very common. Variable.

E. acicularis (L.), E. Br.

Muddy places; infrequent. Hadlock Lower Pond (Green-
leaf); — Somesville (E. & E.).

E. pygmaea, Torr.

Eare. Brackish marsh, Little Cranberry Isle (Eedfield).

SCIRPUS, L. Club Eush.
S. csespitosns, L.

Local and infrequent. Boggy depressions, Sargent Mt. (E.
& E.); — The Heath, Great Cranberry Isle, — in great abun-
dance; Sunken Heath (Eand).

S. subterminalis, Torr.

Ponds and streams : infrequent. Bar Harbor (W. Boott); —
Seal Cove Pond and Brook; Somes Pond (E. & E.) ; — Denning
Pond and Brook; meadow at outlet of Great Pond (Eand).

S. pungens, Vahl.

Eare. Bog on shore south of Sea Wall (Eand).
S. lacustris, L. S. validus, Vahl.

Ponds and marshes ; common. In brackish water, Sea Wall
(Eand); — Great Cranberry Isle (E. & E.); — Little Cranberry
Isle (Eedfield).

164 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

S. maritimus, L.

Salt marshes and muddy beaches along the coast ; very
common.

S. sylvaticus, L., var. digynus, Boeckl. S.mlcrocarincs, Presl.

Wet ground; common. Blooming earlier than the next.
S. atrovirens, Muhl.

Wet ground; frequent. Northeast Harbor; High Head;
Prettymarsh ; South v\^est Harbor; Seal Cove, etc. (Hand); —
Seal Harbor (Eedfield).

ERIOPHORUM, L. Cotton Grass.
E. cyperinum, L. Scirpus Eriojihorum, Mx.

Wet ground; common and variable.
Var. laxum (Gray), Wats. & Coult.

Frequent. Seal Harbor; Long Pond meadows; Bubble Pond
(Redfield) ; — Southwest Harbor (Rand).

E. alpinum, L.

Rare. Bog, Northeast Harbor (R. & R.); — borders of
Upper Breakneck Pond (Redfield).

E. vaginatum, L.

Peat bogs and swamps ; frequent. Southwest Harbor; Sar-
gent Mt. (Greenleaf, Lane & Rand) ; — Little Cranberry Isle ;
Great Heath (Redfield) ; — Sunken Heath, etc. (Rand).

E. Virginicuin, L.

Open bogs and swamps; common. A form bearing unequally
peduncled spikelets, Great Cranberry Isle (Rand).

E. polystachyon, L.

Frequent. Meadow on Sunken Heath Brook (Redfield); —
Sea Wall Swamp (Rand); — Prettymarsh (Greenleaf, Lane &
Rand).

Var. latifolium (Hoppe), Gray.

More common than the type, — if the varietal distinction is
valid. Sargent Mt. (Greenleaf, Lane & Rand); — Hulls Cove;

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 165

Somesville, etc. (Eand) ; — Seal Harbor, etc. ; Cranberry Isles
(Redfield).

E. gracile, Koch.

Frequent. Seal Harbor; Little Cranberry Isle (Eedfield) ; —
Southwest Harbor; High Head; Great Cranberry Isle (Rand);
— ''Mt. Desert" (F. M. Day).

RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. Beak Rush.

R. fusca (L.), Roem. & Schultes.

Frequent. Long Pond meadows; Sea Wall (Redfield); —
Somes Pond Swamp (R. & R., Fernald) ; — Denning Brook;
at outlet of Great Pond; Ripples Pond, etc. (Rand).

R. alba (L.), Vahl.
Wet ground; common.

CLADIUM, P. Br. Twig Rush.
C. mariscoides (Muhl.), Torr.

Infrequent. Outlet of Hadlock Upper Pond (R. & R.); —
"Mt. Desert" (F. M. Day) ; — Somesville (M. L. Fernald); —
swamp above Long Pond (Redfield).

CAREX, L. Sedge.

C. pauciflora, Lightf.

Rare. Borders of Sea Wall Swamp (R. & R.) ; — Sunken
Heath (Rand).

C. Michauxiana, Boeckl. C. rostrata, Mx. C. abacta, Bailey.

Rare. Bog, Somes Pond (Rand).
C. folliculata, L.

Common in swamps and damp meadows.
C. intumescens, Rudge.

Common in swamps and wet ground.

166 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

C. oligosperma, Mx.

Rare. "Meadow at Gorge, near Bar Harbor" (W. Boott,
spec, in Gray Herb.) ; — " Mt. Desert " (Eandall Spauldiug) ; —
marsh, foot of Lower Breakneck Pond (E. Faxon).

C. utriculata, Boott.

Swamps; common. A form with very narrow spikes, Pond
Heath (R. & R.).

Var. minor, Boott.

Infrequent. Long Pond meadows (Redfield) ; — Northeast
Meadow (R. & R.).

C. lurida, Wahl. C. tentaculata, Muhl.

Common in swamps and wet ground everywhere.

C. hystricina, Muhl.

Rare. Meadow on Little Harbor Brook (Redfield).

C. Pseudo-Cyperus, L.

Not uncommon. Seal Harbor (Redfield); — bog south of Sea
Wall; bog at northern foot of Beech Hill (Rand).

C. scabrata, Schw.

Common in wet ground.

C. Houghtonii, Torr.

Frequent by roadsides and in clearings. Roadside, Intervale
Brook valley; Sea Wall (R. &R.); — clearings, Youngs Dis-
trict (Faxon & Rand); — East Peak of Western Mt. ; rear
Oak Hill ; road west of Browns Mt. (Rand) ; — Southwest
Harbor (Faxon) ;— Bubble Pond road (T. G. White).

C. filiformis, L.

Common in bogs and on boggy shores of ponds and streams.
An immature form, probably var. latifolia, by roadside south
of Salisbury Cove (Greenleaf, Lane & Rand).

C. fusca, All. C. Buxbaumii, Wahl.

Rare. Summit of Green Mt. (E. Faxon).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 167

C. vulgaris, Fries. C. rigida, Good., var. Goodenovii (J. Gay),
Bailey (Gray, Man., 6th ed., 2d issue, 735 c).
Common in low grounds; variable. A singular dwarf form,
with small very black spikes, Sea Wall (Rand) ; — Somesville
(Faxon & Rand).

Var. strictiformis, Bailey. C. rigida, Good., var. strictiformis,
Bailey, I. c.

Frequent. Northeast Harbor (Greenleaf) ; — Somesville (R.
& R.); — Great Cranberry Isle (Rand); — Northwest Arm,
Great Pond; Little Cranberry Isle (Redfield).

C. stricta, Lam.

Common in wet ground.

Var. angustata (Boott), Bailey.

Infrequent. Intervale Brook valley (Rand) ; — Somesville
and vicinity (Redfield, Faxon, Rand).

Var. decora, Bailey.

Rare. Meadow on Sunken Heath Brook (Rand).
C. lenticularis, Mx.

Gravelly borders of ponds and streams ; frequent. Stanley
Brook, Seal Harbor (Redfield); — Jordan Pond; Great Pond
(R. & R.).

C. maritima, 0. F. Mueller.

Marshy shores on the coast; common. Southwest Harbor;
Northeast Harbor; Seal Harbor; Otter Creek; Thomas Bay;
High Head; Seal Cove; Bass Harbor, etc.

C. crinita, Lam.

Low ground; common.

Var. minor, Boott.

Rare. On Little Harbor Brook, at crossing of Northeast
Harbor trail to Jordan Pond (Redfield).

C. Magellanica, Lam. C. irrigua, Smith.

Frequent in cold bogs. Also Green Mt. (Redfield) ; — Sar-
gent Mt. (R. & R.); — Little Cranberry Isle (Redfield).

168 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

C. arctata, Boott,

Common in woodlands.

C. debilis, Mx., var. Rudgei, Bailey.
Common.

C. gracillima, Schw.

Meadows and low ground ; frequent. Seal Harbor (E-edfield) ■,
— south of Town Hill; High Head meadow (Rand); — North-
east Meadow (R. & R.), and elsewhere.

C. flava, L.

Common in low ground.

Var. graminis, Bailey.

Uncommon. Shores, Northwest Arm, Great Pond; Ripples
Pond (Rand) ; — field near Ship Harbor (Redfield & Paxon) ; —
Long Pond meadows (Redfield). Depauperate forms of this va-
riety are found in abundance on shores of Great Pond (Rand).

Var. viridula (Mx.), Bailey. C. (Ederi, Gray, Man., 5th ed.
Common in both wet and dry ground.

C. pallescens, L.

Common in low ground.

C. conoidea, Schk.

Low ground about Long Brook, Great Cranberry Isle (Red-
field, Rand); — Southwest Harbor (M. L. Fernald).

C laxiflora, Lam.

Grassy places ; common and variable.

Var. varians, Bailey.

With the type, and as common.

C. PANICEA, L.

Rare. Low grassy ground at mouth of Long Brook, Great
Cranberry Isle (Theodore G. White, Redfield). Appearing
indigenous, but probably naturalized here from Europe for many
years.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 169

C. deflexa, Hornem. C. Novce-Anglm, Gray, Man., 5th ed.,

mostly; non Schweinitz.

Not uncommon on mountains, and in dry ground in woods and
clearings. Sargent Mt. ; Beech Mt. Notch; Breakneck road;
Southwest Valley road; Southwest Harbor; Hadlock Lower
Pond; Somesville (Rand). On Town Hill road, Somesville, a
form approaching var. Deanei (Rand).

Var. Deanei, Bailey.

Frequent in dry clearings. Somes Pond pastures ; Hulls
Cove; Beech Hill cross-road (Rand) ; — Somesville; Seal Har-
bor (Redfield) ; — Indian Point road, Somesville (Paxon &
Rand) .

C. varia, Muhl. C. Emino7isii, Dewey.

Infrequent. In dry ground, Sutton Island (Redfield) ; —
Beech Hill cross-road (Rand) ; — Norwood Road, Southwest
Harbor (Faxon & Rand).

C. Novae-AngliaB, Schw.

Common, especially in dry clearings. Beech Cliff ; Somes
Pond pastures; Intervale Brook valley; Sargent District; Seal
Cove; Indian Point road, Somesville; Norwood Road, South-
west Harbor; head of The Barcelona, etc. (Rand) ; — Breakneck
road, etc. (Redfield).

C. Pennsylvanica, Lam.

Infrequent. Abundant, however, along the Indian Point
road between Somesville and Oak Hill (R. & R.)j — Break-
neck road, near Hulls Cove (Redfield).

C. communis, Bailey. C. varia, Gray, Man., 5th ed.

Common in dry ground everywhere. A form from Beech
Mt. Notch ''approaching var. Wheeleri, Bailey" (Rand). A
form from clearing on Meadow Brook, Indian Point road, Somes-
ville, with very soft, short, bright green leaves (Faxon t& Rand).
Perigynia of this species much infested by a smut.

C. umbellata, Schk.

" Very low and compact, with the spikes all closely clustered
near the surface of the ground." L. H. Bailey, Bull. Torr.

170 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

Bot. Club, xvi. 219. Frequent. Higla Head; Browns Mt. ;
Youngs District, etc. (Rand); — Breakneck road (Redfield).

Var. vicina, Dewey.

** Looser and taller than the type, with many of the peduncles
elongated and becoming true culms." Bailey, I. c. More com-
mon than the type. Sargent Mt. ; clearings, near Sunken
Heath ; Intervale Brook valley ; Beech Mt. Kotch, etc.
(Rand); — Somesville; Sargent Mt.; Beech Cliff (R. & R.).
Forms intermediate between this and the type are not in-
frequent.

C. polytriclioides, Muhl.

Low ground, and damp grassy places ; common.

C. stipata, Muhl.

Very common, and variable.

C. tenella, Schk.

Damp places ; infrequent. Sargent Mt. ; woods on Town
Hill road, Somesville (Rand).

C. exilis, Dewey.

Swamps and pond borders; frequent. Breakneck Ponds (R.
&R.); — Somes Pond (E.Faxon); — Sunken Heath (Rand).
Perigynia much infested by a smut.

C. sterilis, Willd. C. echinata, Murray, var. microstachys,
Boeckl. Gray, Man., 6th ed., 618.
Short, stiff, and erect (usually not much exceeding 1° in
height), the old leaves often persistent; head tawny or greenish-
yellow, short, composed of from three to five small loosish con-
tiguous spikes, of which the uppermost is usually conspicuously
attenuated at the base b}'- the presence of staminate flowers, —
sometimes the terminal spike, or even the whole head, is entirely
staminate; perigynium thin and flat, conspicuously contracted
into a slender beak, — which is nearly or quite as long as the
body and spreading so as to give the spike an echinate appear-
ance,— sharp-edged and rough on the upper margins, variously
nerved and very sharply toothed. L. H. Bailey, Bull. Torr.
Bot. Club, XX. 424. Common in bogs and meadows. Head of

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 171

Northeast Creek ; Sargent Mt. ; High Head, and elsewhere
(Rand);— Somesville; Sea Wall (R. & R.).

Var. excelsior, Bailey.

Taller and more slender (often 2° high), the heads usually
more scattered and mostly somewhat greener. Bailey, I. c.
Common in bogs and low grounds throughout the Island.

Var. cephalantha, Bailey. C echinata, Murray, var. cejyha-
lantha, Bailey. Gray, Man., 6th ed., 618.
Rather stiff but slender and tall, or the top of the culm weak
(l°-2° high); head mostly continuous or more or less dense and
composed of five to eight approximate (rarely scattered), large
(15-30-flowered) green or greenish loose spikes, in which the ma-
ture narrow long-beaked perigynia usually spread nearly or quite
at right angles. Bailey, I. c. Frequent. Little Cranberry Isle;
Barr Hill ; Seal Harbor (Redfield) ; — meadow. Doctors Brook ;
High Head meadow (Rand) ; — Salisbury Cove (R. & R.).

Var. angustata (Carey), Bailey. C. echinata, Murray, var.
angustata, Bailey, Gray, Man., 6th ed., 618.
Very slender, sometimes almost thread-like, weak, bearing
long and narrow div^aricate perigynia, which are either in loose
small heads or in scattered spikes. Bailey, I. c. Rare. Wet
ground at junction of Pretty marsh and Seal Cove roads (Rand).

C. Atlantica, Bailey. C. echinata, Murray, var. conferta,
Bailey. Gray, Man., 6th ed., 618.
Tall (16'-24') and very stiff and strong, the leaves broad
but stiff and usually becoming somewhat involute when dry;
spikes contiguous or scattered, spreading, globular or short-
cylindrical, densely flowered, green; the terminal one slenderly
contracted below or even entirely staminate; perigynium large
and very broad (the body about as broad as long), with a dis-
tinct rough, bifid beak, strongly many-nerved, especially upon
the back, squarrose or usually retrorse at maturity, shelling
off readily when ripe. Bailey, I. c. Frequent. Sargent Mt. ;
Freeman Heath ; meadow on Sunken Heath Brook ; wood road
to Aunt Bettys Pond (Rand). None of the specimens thus far
collected are really typical.

172 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

C. canescens, L.

Wet grounds ; common everywhere. Forms approaching
var. alpicola, Wahl., occur on Indian Point road, Somesville ;
in woods near Spruce Point, Eden ; and near northern end of
Denning Pond (Rand).

Var. vulgaris, Bailey.

Common as the type ; in woods and drier places.
C. Norvegica, Willd.

Rare. Borders of salt marsh, Little Cranberry Isle (Red-
field).

C. trisperma, Dewey.

Common in bogs and wet ground.
C. Deweyana, Schw.

Rare. Southwest Valley road (Greenleaf, Lane & Raud).
C. tribuloides, Wahl.

Northeast Meadow (R. & R.); — burnt woods, Youngs Dis-
trict (Rand). Commonly appearing in the next named variety.

Var. reducta, Bailey.

More common than the type. In copse, near bridge at mouth
of Northeast Creek; High Head meadow; Oak Hill; bog at
northern foot of Beech Hill (Rand).
Var. cristata (Schw.), Bailey. C. cristata, Schw.

Rare. Damp roadside at northern foot of Beech Hill (Rand).
C. scoparia, Schk.

Common everywhere.
Var. minor, Boott.

Dry ground ; infrequent. Beech Mt. Notch ; Youngs District ;
Somesville; road west of Browns Mt. (Rand).
C. adusta, Boott. C. pinguis, Bailey, not C. adusta of G-ray,
Man., 5th ed.

Local, but not uncommon. Mt. Kebo (Greenleaf); — burnt
woods, south of Sunken Heath (Faxon & Rand); — Sea Wall
road, Southwest Harbor; Intervale Brook valley; road west of
Browns Mt. (Rand).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 173

C. foenea, Willd. C. adusta of Gray, Man., 5t]i ed.

Dry ground; common.
Var. perplexa, Bailey.

Kare. Somesville (Redfield) ; — Beech Hill (Rand).

C. silicea, Olney.

Rare. Beach near Thumbcap, Great Cranberry Isle (R. & R.).

C. straminea, Willd. C. straviinea, var. tenera of Gray, Man.,
5th ed.
Infrequent. Woods, Seal Harbor (Redfield); — meadow on
Denning Brook; Somesville (Rand).

Var. brevier, Dewey.

Infrequent. Mt. Kebo (Greenleaf); — Seal Cove (Rand); —
Town Hill (M. L. Fernald). A depauperate form, Newport Mt.
(Rand).

Var. aperta, Boott.

Common in wet ground, especially near the coast.
Var. invisa, W. Boott.

Rare. Schooner Head (W. Boott, spec, in Herb. Gray) ; —
bog on shore south of Sea Wall (Rand) ; — Southwest Harbor
(M. L. Fernald). A form nearly approaching this variety, Bass
Harbor (Rand).

Var. alata (Torr.), Bailey. C. alata, Torn

Seal Harbor (Redfield). Specimens not entirely characteris-
tic, but apparently this variety.

C. albolutescens, Schw. (J. straminea, Willd,, var. foenea, Torr.
Gray, Man., Gth ed., 622.*
Infrequent. Road west of Browns Mt. (Rand), and probably
elsewhere.

Var. cumulata, Bailey. G. straminea, Willd., var. cumulata,
Bailey. Gray, Man., 6th ed., 622.
Dry ground, especially in newly disturbed soil ; common.

* See also Bailey in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xx 421, 422.

174 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

GRAMINE^. Grass Family.

SPARTINA, Schreb. Marsh Grass.

S. cynosuroides (L.), Willd.

Frequent on salt marshes. Also Beecli Hill (Rand) ; —
where seed was doubtless introduced in seaweed used for field
dressing.

S. juncea (Mx.), Willd. Salt Rush Grass.
Salt marshes and sea beaches; common.

S. stricta (Ait.), Roth, var. glabra (Muhl.), Gray. Salt
Marsh Grass.
Common on muddy shores along the coast, and in salt
marshes. Also Cranberry Isles. A form intermediate between
this and the next variety. Little Cranberry Isle (Redfield).

Var. alterniflora (Loisel.), Gray.

Rare. Head of Somes Sound (Redfield); — Norwood Cove
(M. L. Fernald).

PANICUM. L. Panic Grass.

P. capillare, L.

Uncommon. Shore, Ripples Pond; field on Great Pond
road. Southwest Harbor (Rand). Perhaps introduced on the
Island.

P. commutatum, Schultes.

Rare. Field, Northwest Cove (Rand). ''Although this
plant differs much from southern specimens of P. commutatum,
it is hard to place it elsewhere than in this species." F.
Lamson-Scribner.

P. nitidum, Lam.

East Peak, "Western Mt. ; Southwest Harbor (Rand).
Forma densiflorum.

An unusual form having panicles somewhat densely many-
flowered. Shore of Ripples Pond (Rand).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 175

P. depauperatum, Muhl,

Roadsides and clearings. Somesville (R. & E,.) ; — near
Sunken Heath; Sheep Island, Somes Harbor (Rand).

P. dichotomum, L.

Common both in dry and damp ground. Exceedingly vari-
able, appearing certainly in forms commune a,nd fasciculaticm.

P. laziflorum, Lam.

Frequent. High Head; Somesville (R. & R.); — Beech Hill
road, Southwest Harbor (Rand). A smooth form (P. laxi-
Jlorum, Chapm. Flora S. States, Suppl. 667), Northeast Meadow
(Rand).

P. Crus-GALLI, L. Barxtard Grass.

Frequent in barnyards and cultivated ground. Appearing
in both long-awned and awnless forms. Naturalized from
Europe.

SETARIA, Beauv. Bristly Foxtail Grass.

S. GLAUCA (L.), Beauv. Foxtail Grass.

Cultivated ground. Southwest Harbor; High Head; Seal
Harbor (Rand). Adventive from Europe.

S. VIRIDIS (L.), Beauv. Green Foxtail.

Common in cultivated grounds and waste places. Naturalized
from Europe.

S. Italtca (L.), Roem. & Schultes. Millet.

Head of Northeast Harbor, in grass plots (Rand). Adventive
from Europe. The form is that known as S. Gervianica (L.),
Beauv., distinguished from the type by its more dense or com-
pact, and usually erect, panicle or *'head."

LEERSIA, Swz. Cut Grass.
L. oryzoides (L.), Swz. Rice Cut Grass.

Border of Somes Stream (Rand) ; — Seal Cove Pond meadow
(R. & R.).

176 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

ANTHOXANTHUM, L. Sweet Vernal Grass.

A. ODORATUM, L.

Fields and meadows; becoming common. Katuralized from
Europe.

HIEROCHLOE, Gmelin. Sweet Grass.
H. borealis, Roem. & Schultes.

Borders of salt or brackish meadows and marshes. Bass
Harbor; Southwest Harbor; Little Harbor; Seal Harbor;
Northeast Meadow; Thomas Bay; Cranberry Isles; Duck Isl-
ands, and elsewhere. Much used by the Indians for basket
work.

STIPA, L. Feather Grass.

S. Macounii, Scribner.* S. Richardsonii, Gray, non Link.
Gray, Man., 6th ed., 641.
Rare. Burnt woods. Youngs District (Rand, E. Faxon); — •
wood clearings, Somesville (M. L. Fernald).

ORYZOPSIS, Mx. Mountain Rice.

0. asperifolia, Mx.

Dry woods and clearings; not uncommon.

MUHLENBERGIA, Schreb. Drop-seed Grass.

M. glomerata (Willd.), Trin.

Infrequent. Damp field, Northeast Harbor (Rand) ; — Long
Pond meadows (Redfield) ; — Sargent Mt. ; Beech Mt. Notch;
shore, Jordan Pond (Rand).

* M. diffusa, Schreb.

'<In abundance," western slope of Green Mt. (Arnold
Greene).

BRACHYELYTRUM, Beauv.
B. aristatum (Pers.), Beauv.

Low woods throughout the Island; frequent, but not abundant.

* Bull Torr Bot. Club, xix. 154.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 177

PHLEUM, L. Cat's-tail Grass.

P. PRATENSE, L. Timothy.

Common in fields and meadows. Naturalized from Europe.

ALOPECURUS, L. Fox-tail Grass.

A. PEATENSIS, L. Meadow Fox-tail.

Fields and by roadsides ; infrequent. Seal Harbor (Redfield) ;
— Southwest Harbor; Bar Harbor; Hulls Cove; Somesville
(Eand). Naturalized from Europe.

SPOROBOLUS, R. Br. Drop-seed Grass.

S. serotinus (Torr.), Gray. Mist Grass.
Meadows and low ground; frequent.

AGROSTIS, L. Bent Grass.

A. ALBA, L. White Bent Grass. Herd's Grass.

Meadows and fields; common. Naturalized from Europe
through cultivation.

Var. STLVATICA (L.), Scribner.

A viviparous form of the species. Beech Hill; Somes Stream
(Rand).

Var. coarctata (Hoffm.), Scribner.

Panicle dense; branches short, flower-bearing to the base;
plant not stoloniferous. In wet ground ; frequent. Baker
Island (Redfield); — High Head; bog, Kings Point, Southwest
Harbor (Rand); — head of Somes Sound (Greenleaf). Doubt-
less indigenous.

Var. stolonifera (L.), Vasey.

Panicle dense, but the spikelets less crowded than in var.
coarctata, narrow, often linear; plant stoloniferous. On beaches
by the shore, and elsewhere. Hunters Beach; High Head
(Rand); — Little Cranberry Isle; Little Harbor (Redfield).
Doubtless indigenous.

12

178 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

Var, VULGARIS (With.), Thurb. Red-Top.

Meadows and fields; common. Naturalized from Europe
through cultivation, and perhaps also indigenous.

A. perennans (Walt.), Tuck.

Frequent in damp shady places and by brooksides. Beech
Mt. Notch; Deer Brook, Jordan Pond; Gilmore Brook; Little
Harbor Brook Notch, and elsewhere (Rand); — Southwest Harbor
(M. L. Fernald). It seems doubtful whether these northern plants
belong to the true southern A. perennans. A form from woods
south of Beech Mt. may be A. Novce-Anglice, Tuck.

A. scabra, Willd. Hair Grass.

Dry soil; common. A dwarf form growing in tufts in rock
hollows and dry places is var. nio7itanum (Torr. ). Sargent
Mt. (Greenleaf, Rand) ; — Western Mt. ; White Beach, Great
Pond (Rand).

A. canina, L.

Infrequent. Sargent Mt. (Greenleaf, Rand).

CINNA, L. Wood Reed Grass.

C. pendula, Trin.

Damp woods. Cold Brook ; Little Harbor Brook valley;
Beech Mt. Notch (Rand) ; — Seal Harbor (Redfield). A very
robust form, head of Beech Mt. Notch (Rand).

CALAMAGROSTIS, Adans. Reed Bent Grass.

C. Canadensis (Mx.), Beauv. Blce Joint.

Common in moist or wet ground from sea level to mountain
summits.

DESCHAMPSIA, Beauv. Hair Grass.

D. flexuosa (L.), Trin.

Common in dry places, especially on hills and mountains.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 179

TRISETUM, Pers.

T. subspicatum (L.), Beauv., var. moUe (Mx.), Gray.
Rare. Bluff by shore, Northwest Cove (Kand).

DANTHONIA, DC. Wild Oat Grass.

D, spicata (L.), Beauv.

Common everywhere in poor soil.

DACTYLIS, L. Orchard Grass.

D. GIOMERATA, L.

Sparingly introduced. Northeast Harbor; "Fox Dens,"
Southwest Harbor; Somesville (Rand). Naturalized from
Europe.

POA, L. Spear Grass. Meadow Grass.

P. annua, L. Low Spear Grass.

Roadsides and cultivated grounds. Bar Harbor; Southwest
Harbor; Northeast Harbor; Somesville, and elsewhere. Intro-
duced, and becoming common. Naturalized from Europe.

P. COMPRESSA, L. Wire Grass.

Erequent in dry soil, or rocky places. Appearing indigenous
in many places on the Island, but doubtless naturalized from
Europe.

P. nemoralis, L.

Somesville (Rand).
P. serotina, Ehrh. False Red-top.

Common and very variable. This species runs gradually into
P. nemoralis ; specimens from Bubble Pond (Rand) can hardly
be distinguished. A large form with ample panicle (P. fer-
tilis, Host), Somes Pond, at outlet, in water (Rand).

P. pratensis, L. Kentucky Blue Grass.

Common. Perhaps indigenous, but mostly naturalized from
Europe.

180 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

GLYCERIA, E. Br. Manna Grass.
G. Canadensis (Mx.), Trin. Rattlesnake Grass. Job's Tears.

Common in wet places.
G. laxa, Scribner.

A coarse leafy grass, 2°-4° high, with a diffuse ample panicle
and oblong, somewhat turgid spikelets. Sheaths scabrous, the
lower exceeding the internodes. Ligule about 1" long, thin,
lacerate. Leaves 8'-15' long, 3"-4" wide, very rough-scabrous,
both sides tapering to a sharp point or the lower ones abruptly
sharp-pointed. Panicle 7'-9' long, the main axis and branches
strongly scabrous, lower branches in twos or threes, the upper
solitary, the longer and usually widely spreading lower ones
3'-5' long. Spikelets oblong or broadly ovate, 3-5-flowered,
about 2" long, much exceeding the pedicels, and from V'-l\"
wide. Empty glumes unequal, scarious-margined, the larger
second glume about one half the length of the first floret.
Flowering glumes rounded on the back, \"-l\" long, broadly
obovate, obtuse, with a narrow scarious margin above, 7-nerved,
nerves not prominent. Palea nearly equalling the glume, the
keels smooth, strongly curved above. Closely allied to G. Cana-
densis, but the smaller spikelets are green or purple tinged, and
the more obtuse floral glume scarcely exceeds the narrower palea.
r. Lamson-Scribner in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xxi. 37, sub nom.
Panicularia laxa, and republished here as above at his desire.
Seal Harbor (Redfield) ; — Somesville (Rand). A form appar-
ently of this species with smaller and imperfectly developed
spikelets. Great Cranberry Isle; Seal Harbor (Redfield).

G. obtusa (Muhl.), Trin.

Common in wet grounds about Somesville. Also Southwest
Harbor; Sea Wall (Rand).

G. elongata (Torr.), Trin.

Wet woods. Kear Beech Hill (Arnold Greene) ; — Canada
Valley; Seal Harbor; Beech Mt. Notch (Rand).

G. nervata (Willd.), Trin.
Common in meadows.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 181

G. pallida (Torr.), Trin.

A narrow-leaved form in bog at northern foot of Beech Hill
(Rand).

G. grandis, S. Watson, G. aquatica (L.), Sm.

Somes Stream, Somesville (Rand).
6. fluitans (L.), R. Br.

Brooksides and ditches ; frequent.

PUCCINELLIA, Pari.* {Atropis, Rupr.)

P. maritima (Huds.), Pari. Ati-o2ns maritima (Huds.), Griseb.
Glyceria viaritima (Huds.), Wahl. Sea Speak Grass.
Rare. Shore, Somes Harbor (Redfield). A puzzling form,
perhaps a hybrid between this species and P. distans, Norwood
Cove (M. L. Fernald).

Var. (?) minor, S. Watson. Atropis 7narUlma, var. Nutkaensis
(Presl), Scribner. Atropis angustata (R. Br.), Griseb.
PuccinelUa amjustata (R. Br.). Ghjceria angustata (R.
Br.), Fries.

Sea beaches. Somesville; Ovens; Thomas Bay; Southwest
Harbor; Mt. Desert Narrows, and elsewhere. "This form is
distinguished from P. marttimahy its smaller and weaker habit,
and by having the keels of the palea smooth below and only very
minutely scabrous above. In P. maritima the keels of the palea
are strongly fringed nearly or quite to the base." F. Lamson-
Scribner. More recent examination shows this form to be spe-
cifically distinct, and should bear the name in the Manual of
P. angustata (R. Br.).

FESTUCA, L. Fescue Grass.
F. ovina, L. Sheep's Fescue.

Common especially on or near the shore. Also on Cranberry
Isles. All specimens from Mt. Desert and vicinity are referred,
however, to F. rubra, L., by Prof. F. Lamson-Scribner, which

* Better considered as a sub-genus of Glyceria.

182 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

he considers without doubt a distinct species from F. ovina.
Specimens from High Head, Great Cranberry Isle, Little
Cranberry Isle, and Thompson Island, may be referred to var.
genuina, Hack. A specimen from Indian Point road, Somes-
ville, appears to be var. fallax, Hack.

''In F. rubra the leaves of the culm and sterile shoots are
similar, the ligules in the latter are not auriculate, and the
shoots themselves are extra-vaginal; i. e. the buds of the
branches at the base of the culm burst through the base of
the leaf sheath in the axil of which they are formed. In
F. ovina the leaves of the flowering culms and sterile shoots
are unlike, the ligules on the latter are auriculate and the
shoots themselves are intra-vaginal; i. e. the buds in the lower
leaf axils grow up out of the sheaths and do not break through
them below. F. ovina is strictly tufted, while F. rubra extends
more or less by rootstocks." F. Lamson-Scribner.

F. DURiuscuLA, L. F. ovina, L., var. duriuscula, Koch.
Gray, Man., 6th ed.
Rare. Near Hulls Cove (Rand). Naturalized from Europe.

F. ELATIOR, L.

Fields and roadsides ; common. Northeast Harbor; South-
west Harbor; Bar Harbor; Somesville; Seal Harbor; High
Head. Naturalized from Europe.

Var. PRATENSis (Huds.), Gray.

Fields. Seal Harbor; Southwest Harbor; Somesville; High
Head, and elsewhere. Naturalized from Europe.

BROMUS, L. Brome Grass.
B. ciliatus, L.

Frequent in rocky woods and low ground. Variable.

AGROPYRUM, Gsertn. {Triticum, L.) False Wheat.

A. repens (L.), Beauv. Triticum repens, L. Quitch Grass.
Witch Grass.
Fields, waysides, and shores; common and very variable.
Naturalized from Europe in cultivated grounds, and also in-

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 183

digenous. The Island forms appear for the most part to be
indigenous northern and coast forms, and abound on beaches
and on banks by the shore.

Var. glaucum (Desf. ), Boiss. Triticum repens, L., var. inter-
medium, Fries.
A glaucous, rigid, maritime form, with large crowded spikelets
and glumes blunt or mucronate. Seal Harbor (Redfield) ; —
Northeast Harbor; Southwest Harbor, etc. (Rand).

Var. pilosum, Scribner.

Upper surface of leaves pilose, rhachis of spike pubescent ♦'o
hirsute, flowering glumes awnless or short cuspidate pointed.
Southwest Harbor (Eand). This, however, may be the same
as var. agreste, Anders.

Other well marked forms are numerous; but it seems impos-
sible to identify them with any certainty without a careful
comparison with authentic specimens in European herbaria.

A. caninum (L.), Roem. & Schultes. Triticum caninum, L.

Rare. Field near the head of Northeast Harbor (Rand).
Naturalized from Europe, and also indigenous. Probably intro-
duced on the Island.

HORDEUM, L. Barley.
H. jubatum, L. Sqcirrel-tail Grass.
Common on the coast.

ELYMUS, L. Wild Rye. Lyme Grass.

E. Virginicus, L.

Common on the coast.
E. mollis, Trin.

Muddy or sandy shores on the coast; frequent. Considered
by many authors as identical with JS. arenarius, L., which
occurs on the Pacific coast.

184 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

Series II. CRYPTOGAMIA; FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

Class I. PTERIDOPHYTA.

EQUISETACE^. Hoksetail Family.

EQUISETUM, L. Horsetail. Scouring Eush.

E. arvense, L. Common Horsetail.

Moist gravelly soil; common.
E. sylvaticum, L.

Wet banks and shady places; frequent.

E. limosum, L.

Borders of ponds; rare. Bubble Pond (F. M. Day, Redfield) ;
— Great Pond (Band).

FILICES. Ferns.

POLYPODIUM, L. Polypody.
P. vulgare, L.

Bocks; very common.

PTERIS, L. Brake.
P. aquilina, L.

Dry soil; very common.

ASPLENIUM, L. Spleenwort.
A. Filix-foemina (L.), Bernh. Lady Fern.

Damp shady places; frequent, and very variable.

Var. angustatum (Willd.), D. C. Eaton. Var. Michauxii,
Mett.
Fronds l°-3° high, rather rigid, narrow in outline, nearly
bipinnate; pinnse obliquely ascending or curved upwards, nar-
rowly lanceolate ; segments oblong, crowded, crenated or serrate;

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 185

sori usually abundant, straight or curved. Eaton, Ferns N". A.
227. Woods; infrequent. Salisbury Cove (Clara L. Walley).

Var. exile, D. C. Eaton.

Fronds 3'-6' high, lanceolate, pinnate; pinnae oblong-lanceo-
late, deepl}'^ cut into oblong laciniae which are two- to three-
toothed at the end. Eaton, Ferns N. A. 227. Woods; rare.
Breakneck road (Clara L. Walley).

PHEGOPTERIS, Fee. Beech Fern.
P. polypodioides, Fee. Poli/podium Phegopteris, L.

Common in damp woods. A form closely approaching P. hex-
agonoptera, Fee, in woods, Seal Harbor (Redfield). A form
with the main rhachis forked at the apex, woods, head of The
Barcelona meadow (Rand).

P. Dryopteris (L.), Fee.

Damp woods and shaded rocky places; common.

ASPIDIUM, Swz. Shield Fern.

A. Thelypteris (L.), Swz.

Damp ground; not uncommon. Seal Harbor; Long Pond
meadows; Sutton Island; Great Cranberry Isle; Baker Island
(Redfield); — on Somes Stream (R. & R.)-

A. Noveboracense (L.), Swz.

Damp woods; frequent. Seal Harbor; Great Cranberry Isle,
etc. (Redfield) ; — Breakneck road (Clara L. Walley); — ''Mt.
Desert " (F. M. Day).

A. spinulosum (Retz), Swz.

Damp woods; not uncommon. Breakneck road (Clara L.
Walley) ; — Seal Harbor; Ovens (Redfield).

Var. intermedium (Muhl.), D. C. Eaton.
Woods; common.

186 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

Var. dilatatum (Hoffm.), Hook.

Woods; infrequent. Breakneck road (Clara L. Walley) ; —
west of Southwest Harbor (M. L. Fernald). A dwarf form in
woods, Breakneck road (Clara L. Walley).

A. cristatum (L.), Swz.

Wet ground; frequent.
Var. Clintonianum, D. C. Eaton.

Eare. Near Breakneck road (Clara L. Walley).
A. marginale (L.), Swz.

Kocky woods ; frequent.
A. acrostichoides (Mx.), Swz. Christmas Fern.

Deep rocky woods; frequent.

CYSTOPTERIS, Bernh. Bladder Fern.

C. fragilis (L.), Bernh.

Rare. Caves, Barr Hill (Redfield) ; — wet cliffs, West Branch
of Hadlock Brook (Rand).

ONOCLEA, L. Sensitive Fern.

0. sensibilis, L.

Common in low ground.

WOODSIA, R. Br.

"W. Ilvensis (L.), R. Br.

Infrequent and local. Dog Mt. (Rand); — Flying Mt. (An-
nie S. Downs, H. C. Jones, and others); — Beech Cliff (Annie
S. Downs, R. & R.).

DICKSONIA, L'Her.

D. pilosiuscula, Willd. D. punctilobula (M.X.), Gray.
Common everywhere.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 187

OSMUNDA, L. Flowering Fern.

0. regalis, L. Flowering Fern.

Swamps and wet meadows; common.
0. Claytoniana, L. Interrupted Flowering Fern.

Common in low ground. A form with upper pinnae of sterile
frond partly fertile, Bar Harbor (Mary Minot). A form with
middle pinnae of fertile frond partly sterile, and undeveloped,
Seal Harbor (Redfield).

0. cinnamomea, L. Cinnamon Fern.
Common in damp ground everywhere.

OPHIOGLOSSACE^. Adder's Tongue Family.
BOTRYCHIUM, Swz. Moonwort.

B. simplex, Hitchcock.

Eare. High Head (Rand, Redfield & Faxon); — Beech Cliff
(Rand).

B. matricarisefolium, A. Br.

Infrequent. Jordan Pond road (Harriet A. Hill) ; — field.
Northwest Cove; Cold Brook; Great Cranberry Isle (Rand).

B. ternatum (Thunb.), Swz.

Somewhat frequent in low fields and pastures; occasionally
in woods. Seal Harbor; Long Pond meadows (Redfield); — Sut-
ton Island; Sawyer Cove (Harriet A. Hill); — Duck Brook road
(Clara L. Walley) ; — woods, north of Jordan Pond (Theodore
G. White); — meadow, head of Northeast Creek; Southwest
Valley road (Rand).

Var. intermedium, D. C. Eaton.

Rare. High Head meadow (Rand).
Var. obliquum (Muhl.), Milde.

Not uncommon. Duck Brook road (Clara L. Walley) ; —
meadow, head of Northeast Creek; Southwest Harbor (Rand);
fields above Long Pond (R. «& R.).

188 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

Var. dissectum (Spreng. ), Milde.

Frequent. Duck Brook road (Clara L. Walley) ; — meadow,
head of Northeast Creek; High Head meadow; fields, Clark
Point, Southwest Harbor (Baud); — fields above Long Pond
(Redfield); — Sawyer Cove (Harriet A. Hill),

OPHIOGLOSSUM, L. Adder's Tongue.

0. vulgatum, L.

Kare. Wet field, head of Southwest Harbor (Annie S.
Downs).

LYCOPODIACE^. Club Moss Family.

LYCOPODIUM. L. Club Moss.
L. Selago, L.

Rare. Sargent Mt. (H. C. Jones, Eand, Eedfield).
L. lucidulum, Mx.

Deep moist woods; common.
L. inundatum, L.

Bogs and wet places; frequent. Cedar Swamp; Southwest
Harbor; Sea "Wall Swamp; Aunt Bettys Pond; Ripples Pond;
Gilmore Meadow; Great Cranberry Isle. etc. (Rand); — bog,
Hadlock Upper Pond, etc. (Redfield).

Var. Bigelovii, Tuck.

Bogs; uncommon. Border of Upper Breakneck Pond; border
of Aunt Bettys Pond (Rand).

L. annotinum, L.

Woods and damp thickets ; frequent. Also Sargent Mt.
(Theodore G. White).

L. obscurum, L.

Rare. Roadside between Somesville and Southwest Harbor,
near Canada Valley (Rand).

Var. dendroideum (Mx.), D. C. Eaton. Ground Pine.
Woods; common.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 189

L. clavatum, L.

Woods and thickets; very common.
L. complanatum, L. Trailing Christsias Green.

Dry woods and thickets; common.
Var. Chamaecyparissus (Braun), D. C. Eaton.

Woods and mountain thickets; infrequent. Between Jordan
Pond and Eagle Lake (Kedfield) ; — between Jordan Pond and
Northeast Harbor (R. & R.); — Pemetic Mt. ; woods, Aunt
Bettys Pond (Rand).

SELAGINELLACE^.

SELAGINELLA, Beauv.

S. rupestris (L.), Spring.

Rare and local. Flying Mt. (H. C. Jones, Rand); — Dog
Mt. (Elizabeth G. Britton, Rand, E. Faxon).

ISOETES, L. QuiLLwoKT.

I. lacustris, L.

Infrequent. Mouth of Deer Brook, Jordan Pond (Redfield);

— west shore of Jordan Pond (Rand). A very small form on
west shore of Jordan Pond (Rand). A peculiar form, probably
of this species, Deer Brook (Rand) ; — Northwest Arm, Great
Pond (Fernald).

I. echinospora, Durieu, var. Braunii (Durieu), Engelm.

Sandy and gravelly brook courses and pond shores; frequent.
Jordan Stream; Deer Brook; shores of Jordan Pond (R. & R.) ;

— Somes Stream; Denning Brook (Rand).

I. riparia, Engelm.

Rare. Somes Stream (George G. Kennedy) ; — southeast end
of Ripples Pond (Rand). A form ''not typical /. riparia, and
yet quite a departure from /. lacustris" — Ripples Brook (Rand,
M. L. Fernald), fide L. M. Underwood.

190 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

Class II. BRYOPHYTA.
Division I. MUSCI; MOSSES.

Order I. SPHAGNACE.E. Peat Mosses.

List prepared by Edward L. Rand, assisted greatly by Edwin
Faxon and Prof. Daniel C. Eaton, and arranged mainly in ac-
cordance with the writings of Dr. Carl Warnstorf, of Neuruppin,
Germany.

The plants catalogued in the following list have been col-
lected mostly by Edwin Faxon and Edward L. Rand ; the
determinations are by Dr. Carl Warnstorf. In view of the
great difficulty of finding descriptions of the various species
and varieties, it has been thought wise to give freely refer-
ences to Lesquereux and James's "Mosses of North America,"
and to Dr. Warnstorf's articles on North American Sphagna,
to be found in Coulter's Botanical Gazette, Vol. XV., in the
numbers for the months of June, August, September, and Oc-
tober, 1890, — both of which works can be consulted with little
trouble. In cases, furthermore, where descriptions are not
there given, they have been either translated or specially pre-
pared for this list by Prof. Eaton and Mr. Faxon. It has
not seemed best to include forms and sub-forms herein, since
most of them have little value except for the critical stu-
dent. Very many of them are, however, represented in the
Mt. Desert Herbarium. On the other hand, all varieties are
given, without regard to the distinctions on which they are
founded. The value, however, of most of the so-called color
varieties is very doubtful, since careful observations seem to
prove beyond question that the color of Sphagnum varies greatly
with the season. It is even a matter of doubt whether a given
plant of any species may not quickly vary through the influence
of temporary external conditions, assuming at one time the form
of one variety, at another time the form of another. This doubt-
ful value of varieties of Sphagnum furnishes an additional reason
for the exclusion of mere forms and sub forms from a local cata-
logue of plants.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 191

SPHAGNUM, L. Peat Moss.

§ 1. ACUTIFOLIA.

S. fimbriatum, Wils. L. & J., Mosses N. A., 14. Var. tenue.
Gravet. Bot. Gaz., xv. 128.

Swamp west of Sea Wall; Red Rocks, Great Cranberry Isle;
Bass Harbor (Rand); — Little Cranberry Isle (Redfield); —
Sargent Mt. (E. Faxon).

S. Girgensohnii, Russ. S. strictum, Lindb. L. & J., Mosses
N. A., 13.
Common.

Var. stachyodes, Russ. Bot. Gaz., xv. 129.

Southwest Harbor; western side of Browns Mt. ; Seal Har-
bor; Long Pond meadows (Rand).

Var. hydrophilum, Russ.

Plant 5-8 cm. high, pale green, mostly drepanocladous,
growing in wet places, the coma indistinct; stem leaves narrow,
nearly twice longer than broad, very narrowly margined except
at the very base, hyaline cells often partitioned, pores and
fibrils none; branch leaves loosely imbricate with spreading
tips. High Head (Rand).

Var. teretiusculum, Warnst,

In extremely compact tufts, 5-7 cm. high; plants very slender;
stem leaves very small, Ungulate, about one and one half times
as long as wide ; branch leaves also small, closely imbricated, so
that the short branches are perfectly terete. "VVarnst., Hedwigia,
xxxii. (1893) 15. Summit of Sargent Mt. (Rand).

Var. sphaerocephalum, "Warnst.

In compact tufts about 10 cm. high ; stem leaves small, lingu-
late, little longer than broad; branches of the coma united into
a large, thick, almost spherical head, with leaves remarkably
large and in part squarrosely spreading. Warnst., Hedwigia,
xxxii. (1893) 15. Reservoir, Jordan Pond road (Rand).

192 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

S. Russowii, Warnst. Bot. Gaz., xv. 130.

Pemetic Mt. (Rand).
Var. pcecilum, Russ. Bot. Gaz,, xv. 132.

Beech Mt. (Rand).
Var. rhodochroum, Russ. Bot. Gaz., xv. 132.

Breakneck Ponds (E. Faxon).
Var. carneum, Russ.

Upper part of plant pale flesh-color, passing below into pale
gray or grayish green. Woods, Norwood Cove ; woods, southern
foot of Dog Mt. (Rand).

S. fuscum (Schimp.), von Klinggraef. Bot. Gaz., xv. 133.

S. acutifoUmn, var. fuscum, Schimp. L. & J., Mosses N.

A., 13. Var. fuscescens, Warnst. Bot. Gaz., xv. 135.
Common in dry bogs. Freeman Heath; Sunken Heath;
Aunt Bettys Pond (Faxon & Rand); — The Heath, Great Cran-
berry Isle; Sea Wall, etc. (Rand).

S. tenellum (Schimp.), von Klinggraef. Bot. Gaz., xv. 135.

Browns Mt. ; woods, Sea Wall Swamp (E. Faxon).

Var. rubellum (Wils.), von Klinggraef. Bot. Gaz., xv. 137.
S. rubelUim, Wils. L. & J., Mosses N. A., 13.

Common in various forms.
Var. versicolor, Warnst. Bot. Gaz., xv. 137.

Pond Heath; Sunken Heath (E. Faxon).
Var. violascens, Warnst.

Color above, a livid mixture of violet, red, and green; below,
pale reddish. Lower Breakneck Pond (E. Faxon).

S. Warnstorfii, Russ. Bot. Gaz., xv. 138. Var. violascens,
Warnst.
Plants pale yellowish green mixed with pale violet or violet-
red. High Head meadow (E. Faxon).

Var. purpurascens, Russ. Bot. Gaz., xv. 140.
High Head meadow (Rand).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 193

S. acutifolium (Ehrh. in part), Russ. & Warnst. Bot. Gaz.,
XV. 191.

Common.

Var. rubrum (Brid.), Warnst.

Plants rosy-red above, gradually becoming paler below.
Common.

Var. versicolor, Warnst. Bot. Gaz., xv. 193.

Frequent. Freeman Heath ; Beech Hill (E. Faxon) ; —
Breakneck Ponds; Sargent Mt.; Beech Mt. Notch (Rand).

Var. viride, Warnst. Bot. Gaz., xv. 193.

Beech Mt. ; Cold Brook ; Southwest Harbor (Rand).
Var. pallescens, Warnst. Bot. Gaz., xv. 193.

Sargent Mt.; Beech Mt. Notch (Rand).

S. subnitens, Russ. & Warnst., var. flavicomans, Card. Bot.
Gaz., XV. 194-196.
Frequent. Swamp, Meadow Brook, Somesville; Breakneck
Ponds; Freeman Heath; Sea Wall Swamp (E. Faxon); — bog
west of Hio; Great Cranberry Isle; Somes Pond, etc. (Rand).

Var. obscurum, Warnst. Bot. Gaz., xv. 196.

Little Cranberry Isle (Redfield).
Var. violascens, Warnst.

Whole plant very pale, soft; white with faint tinge of violet;
coma faint pink. Breakneck Ponds (Rand).

Var. pallescens, Warnst.

Plant soft, whitish, becoming pale green toward the coma,
but without any tinge of brownish yellow. Breakneck Ponds
(Faxon & Rand); — bog west of Hio (Rand).

§ 2. CUSPIDATA.

S. recurvum (Beauv.), Russ. & Warnst. S. intermedium, Hoffm.
L. & J., Mosses N. A., 15.
Sea Wall Swamp ; Sargent Mt. (E. Faxon) ; — Breakneck
Ponds (Rand).

13

194 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

Var. pulchrum, Liiidb. Bot. Gaz., xv. 218.

Frequent; found in many forms, of which forma fuscescens,
with the whole plant rich golden brown in color, is the most
beautiful. Abundant at Sunken Heath ; Breakneck Ponds
(Faxon & Eand); — Sea Wall; Great Cranberry Isle (Rand).

Var. mucronatum, Russ. Bot. Gaz., xv. 218.

Breakneck Ponds; Otter Cliffs (Rand).

Var, amblyphyllum, Russ. Bot. Gaz., xv. 219.

Northwest Arm woods (Rand); — near Northwest Cove; Sea
Wall Swamp (E. Faxon).

Var. parvifolium (Sendt.), Warnst. Bot. Gaz., xv. 219.
Pond Heath (E. Faxon); — bog near Sea Wall (Rand).

S. cuspidatum (Ehrh.). Russ. & Warnst., var. Miquelonense,
Ren. & Card. Bot. Gaz., xv. 230.
Frequent. Round Pond; near Northwest Cove (E. Faxon) ; —
Aunt Bettys Pond; Northwest Arm woods, etc. (Faxon &
Rand); — Great Cranberry Isle (Rand).

Var. falcatum, Russ. L. & J., Mosses N. A., 15.

Branches distinctly falcate at the apex. Pools, Great Heath;
The Heath, Great Cranberry Isle (Rand).

Var. submersum, Schimp.

Tufts loose, very soft, deep green, nearly or quite submersed
or floating; stem very long and slender, green; branches rather
long, decurved; stem leaves broadly ovate-oblong, pointed, fibril-
lose near the apex; branch leaves rather long and narrow, green,
flexuous when dry; fruit scattered along the stem below the
coma, pseudopodia often very long, perichaetial leaves scattered,
fibrillose. Plant softer than var. Miquelonense, and much
smaller than var. Torreyanum. Frequent. In pools. Freeman
Heath; Dog Mt. (Faxon) ; — Beech Mt. (Faxon & Rand) ; — Sea
Wall; Sunken Heath (Rand) ;— Great Cranberry Isle (Redfield).

Var. plumulosnin, Schimp. L. tS; J., Mosses N. A., 15.

Tufts soft, compact; stems short and branches erect; leaves
short, lanceolate-subulate, very narrow. Pools, Sunken Heath

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 195

(Faxon & Rand) ; — The Heath, Great Cranberry Isle ; Great
Heath (Rand).

S. Dusenii (Jens.), Russ. & Warnst. S. Mendocinum, Warnst.
in Bot. Gaz., xv. 221, not of S. & L. Var. parvifolium,

Warnst,

Plants soft and slender, in dense tufts, partly immersed;
stem leaves small, about 0.54-0.60 mm. long and as broad at
base, triangular-lingulate, without fibrils or somewhat fibrillose
toward the usually rounded and slightly fimbriate apex; branch
leaves also small, about 1.14—1.37 mm. long and 0.54 mm. broad,
almost always falcate-secund, narrowly bordered; outer pores
numerous, often passing into large membrane-gaps toward the
apex. Warnst., Hedwigia, xxxii. (1893) 14. In jJool, Dog Mt.
(E. Faxon).

S. moUuscum, Bruch. S. tenellum, Ehrh. L. & J., Mosses N.
A., 20.

Abundant, Sunken Heath (Faxon & Rand) ; — Great Heath
(E. Faxon); — The Heath, Great Cranberry Isle (Rand). The
more robust forms are var. robustiim, Warnst.

§ 3. SquarroSa.

S. squarrosum, Pers. L. & J., Mosses N. A., 16.

Frequent. Near Northwest Cove (Faxon); — Seal Harbor;
woods, Somes Pond (Rand).

Var. spectabile, Russ. Bot. Gaz., xv. 224.
Not uncommon.

Var. semisquarrosum, Russ. Bot. Gaz., xv. 224.
Southwest Valley road (Rand).

S. teres, Angstr. L. & J., Mosses N. A., 16.
Rare. The Barcelona meadow (E. Faxon).

Var, imbricatum, Warnst. Bot. Gaz., xv. 224.
Bog, north of Beech Hill (Rand).

196 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

4. POLYCLADA.

S. Wulfianum, Girgens. L. & J., Mosses N. A., 16. Var. viride,
Warnst. Bot. Gaz., xv. 225.

Rare. Cold Brook; Beech Mt. (Rand).

§ 5. RiGIDA.

S. compactum, DC. S. rigidum, Schimp. L. & J., Mosses
N. A., 17.

Frequeut in its three varieties.

Var. squarrosum, Russ. Bot. Gaz., xv. 226.

Woods, Lower Breakneck Pond (Faxon & Rand) ; — South-
west Harbor; Seal Harbor; Sargent Mt. (Rand); — Robinson
Mt. (Faxon).

Var. subsquarrosum, Warnst. Bot. Gaz., xv. 226.

Sargent Mt. (Faxon) ; — Lower Breakneck Pond ; Browns Mt. ;
Dog Mt. ; Southwest Harbor; Great Cranberry Isle (Rand).

Var. imbricatum, Warnst. Bot. Gaz., xv. 226.
Sargent Mt. (Faxon & Rand); — Dog Mt. (Rand).

S. Garberi, L. & J. Mosses N. A., 18. Var. squarrosulum,
Warnst.

Tufts pale or bluish-green, low or even 20 cm. high, and
then quite similar in habit to *S^. compactum, var. squarrosu-
lum, ; branch leaves all with the apical half squarrose-recurved.
Warnst., Hedwigia, xxxii. (1893) 15. Very rare. Sargent Mt.
(Rand). The specimens are forma sphcBrocephahim, Warnst.,
which is extremely robust, with the comal branches gathered into
a large globular head. This form is exceedingly rare, there being
only one other known station.

Var. subsquarrosum, Warnst.

Branch leaves generally merely curved outward, only here and
there squarrose. Warnst., Hedwigia, xxxii. (1893) 15. Rare.
Beech Mt. (Rand & Faxon) ; — Sargent Mt. (Rand).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 197

§ 6. SUBSECUNDA.

S. Pylassii, Brid. L. & J., Mosses N. A., 23. Var. ramosum,
Warnst. Bot. Gaz., xv. 243.

Frequent in very wet places, from the sea level to moun-
tain summits. Appearing in a number of forms distinguished
merely by color, black (/. nigricans, Brid.), green (/. virescens,
Warnst.), yellow (/. Jlava, Warnst.), and red-brown (/. rufes-
cens, Warnst.). Green Mt. ; Browns Mt. (E. Faxon) ; — Sea
Wall; Sunken Heath; Aunt Bettys Pond (Faxon & Ptand) ; —
Breakneck Ponds; Pemetic Mt. (Rand).

S. subsecundum, Nees. L. & J., Mosses N. A., 19.

Meadow on Denning Brook; Town Hill; Sea Wall Swamp;
Southwest Valley road (E. Faxon) ; — Bass Harbor Marsh
(Hand).

Var. macrophyllum, Roell.

Stem leaves Ungulate, evenly bordered, 1.14-1.45 mm. long,
nearly two thirds as broad, the upper part porose and fibrillose;
hyaline cells often partitioned ; branch leaves ovate, 1.71-
1.90 mm. long, little more than half as broad, inner pores in
the cell angles, mostly near the margins. Southwest Harbor ;
Upper Breakneck Pond (Rand); — Little Cranberry Isle (Red-
field).

Var. mesophyllum, Warnst.

Stem leaves lingulate, evenly bordered, 1-1.40 mm. long, two
thirds to four fifths as broad, the upper part porose and fibril-
lose; hyaline cells much partitioned; branch leaves ovate, about
as long and broad as the stem leaves, inner surface with feebly
ringed pores towards the apex. Breakneck Ponds ; Beech Mt.
Notch; woods, Norwood Cove; Deer Brook (Rand).

Var. microphyllum, Roell.

Stem leaves small, somewhat triangular, border widened to
the base, about 0.57 mm. long, and the same in greatest breadth,
usually without pores or fibrils; hj'aline cells not partitioned;
branch leaves lance-ovate, about 0.80 mm. long, and little more

198 FLOKA OF MOUNT DESERT.

than half as broad, loosely somewhat secund, inner surface with-
out pores. Southwest Harbor (Rand).

S. rufescens, Bryol. Germ. Bot. Gaz., xv. 246. S. subsecundum,
Nees, var. contortum, Schimp. L. &. J., Mosses N. A., 19.
In water. Upper Breakneck Pond (Faxon & Eand) ; — border
of Somes Pond (E. Faxon).

§ 7. Cymbifolia.

S. imbricatum (Hornsch.), Russ. Bot. Gaz., xv. 249. S. Austini,
Sulliv. L. & J., Mosses N. A., 21. Var. sublaeve, Warnst.
Bot. Gaz., XV. 250.
Woods, The Barcelona meadow (Kand) ; — Gilmore Meadow ;

Little Harbor Brook (Redfield).

Var. cristatum, Warnst. Bot. Gaz., xv. 250.

Sea Wall Swamp (E. Faxon) ; — Breakneck Ponds ; bogs,
southwest of Sea Wall, and north of Beech Hill (Rand).

Var. affine (Ren. & Card.), Warnst. Bot. Gaz., xv. 250.

Swamp on Meadow Brook, Somesville; Clark Cove; The Bar-
celona meadow (E. Faxon); — bog north of Beech Hill; Sutton
Island; Beech Mt. Notch; Deer Brook (Rand).

S. cymbifolium, Ehrh. L. & J., Mosses IST. A., 21.

Canada Valley ; bogs, southwest of Sea Wall ; Southwest Har-
bor; Sutton Island, and elsewhere (Rand).

Var. glaucescens, Warnst. Bot. Gaz., xv. 251.
Cold Brook (Rand).

S. papillosum, Lindb. L. & J., Mosses N. A., 21. S. cymbi-
folium, Ehrh., var. papillosum (Lindb.), Schimp. Bot. Gaz.,
xv. 251. Var. normale, Warnst.
Hadlock Upper Pond ; Great Cranberry Isle (Rand) ; —

Sunken Heath (E. Faxon).

S. medium, Limpr. Bot. Gaz., xv. 252.

Common. Beech Hill road (Faxon & Rand); — bogs south-
west of Sea Wall, and north of Beech Hill (Rand).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 199

Var. purpurascens, Russ. S. medium, var. Iceue, f. jjurpuras-
cens (Russ.), Warnst. Bot. Gaz., xv. 253.
Somes Pond (E. Faxon); — Aunt Bettys Pond; bogs south-
west of Sea Wall ; Red Rocks, Great Cranberry Isle (Rand) ; —
Little Cranberry Isle (Redfield).

Var. pallescens, Warnst.

Color very pale yellowish-green. Bog on Prettymarsh road,
west of Somesville (Rand).

Order II. ANDRE^EACE^. Schizocarpous Mosses.

ANDRE-fflA, Ehrh.
A. petrophila, Ehrh.

Frequent on wet rocks on the mountains. Sargent Mt.
(Faxon & Rand) ; — Green Mt. (D. C. Eaton) ; — Beech Mt.
(Rand) ; — Robinson Mt. (E. Faxon).

A. crassinervis, Bruch.

On wet rocks, summit of Sargent Mt. (E. Faxon); — Beech
Mt.; Beech Cliff (Faxon & Eand).

Order III. BRYACEiE. True Mosses.

List prepared by Edward L. Rand, under the supervision of
Elizabeth G. Britton. Plants collected mainly by Walter L.
Burrage, John H. Redfield, Edward L. Rand, Edwin Faxon,
and Theodore G. White, determinations by Elizabeth G. Brit-
ton and Dr. Charles R. Barnes.

In view of the great importance of following the arrangement
and nomenclature adopted in some standard work of ready ref-
erence, and in view also of the great disagreement on these very
matters of arrangement and nomenclature among the authorities,
it has seemed wise to follow Lesquereux and James's ** Mosses
of North America" in the preparation of this list. Synonyms,
however, have been given where they seemed of real value;
some necessary descriptions have been added; and a few cor-
rections made where they were of real, not merely of verbal
importance.

200 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

Section I. ACROCARPI.

Tribe "WEISIEiE.

CYNODONTIUM, Scbimp.

C. polycarpum (Ehrh.), Schimp. Oncojjhorus polycarpus
(Ehrh.), Brid.
On decayed wood. Wood road to Great Pond, Southwest Har-
bor (Rand).

C. virens (Swz.), Schimp., var. Wahlenbergii (Brid.), Scbimp.

Oncophorus Wahlenbergii, Brid.
On decayed wood. Upper Breakneck Pond (Hand).

TREMATODON, Mx.
T. ambiguum (Hedw.), Hornsch.

On tbe ground. Green Mt. (D.C.Eaton); — moist woods,
north of Long Pond (Theodore G. White),

DICRANELLA, Schimp.

D. squarrosa (Starke), Schimp.

In dense mats on sandy shore, Jordan Pond ; submersed (Rand).
As the specimens found are all sterile, some doubt has arisen
as to their identity. They are almost identical with specimens
collected by E. Eaxon at Ammonoosuc Lake, Crawfords, K. H.,
June 14, 1883, and very similar to specimens collected by Oakes
at the White Mts., N. H. (Sulliv. & Lesq., Musci Bor. Am.,
No. 245). The latter specimens were distributed as ^^ Meesia
longiseta, Hedw. var.?" Faxon's specimens, however, are
Dicranella squarrosa, and so with very little doubt are the
Mt. Desert specimens. The true identity of Oakes's specimens
is still in doubt. Especial thanks are due Dr. C. R. Barnes
and Mi's. E. G. Britton for the solution of these puzzling ques-
tions of identification.

D. heteromalla (L.), Schimp.

On the gi-ound ; common (Rand). Also Great Cranberry Isle
(Theodore G. White).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 201

DICRANUM, Hedw.

D. Blyttii, Bruch & Schimp. Z>. Schisti (Gunn.), Lindb.
Falls, Sargent Mt. Gorge (Theodore G. White).

D. montanum, Hedw.

On decaying trees. Woods, Hadlock Ui^per Pond (Walter L.
Burrage) ; — near Eipples Pond; Beech Mt. ; Oak Hill (Rand).

D. viride (Sail. & Lesq.), Lindb.

On decaying trees; sterile. Near Aunt Bettys Pond; Cold
Brook; Seal Harbor (Band); — on ledges, Seal Harbor (Theo-
dore G. White).

D. flagellare, Hedw.

On decaying tree trunks; common (W. L. Burrage, Band,

E. Faxon, T. G. White).

D. fulvum, Hook.

On granitic rocks, West Branch of Hadlock Brook; South-
west Valley road (Rand). On ground, woods, head of The Bar-
celona meadow (Rand) ; — also Seal Harbor (Theodore G. White).

D. longifolium, Ehrh.

Dry woods, behind schoolhouse. Seal Harbor (Theodore G.
White).

D. fuscescens, Turn.

On decaying tree trunks ; common (Rand, Theodore G. White).

Var. longirostre, Schimp.

Woods on Sargent Mt. (Walter L. Burrage).

D. congestum, Brid. D. fuscescens, Lesq. & J., in part.

On decayed wood. Northern foot of Beech Mt. ; Upper Break-
neck Pond; Jordan Pond trail. Northeast Harbor (Rand).

D. scoparium (L.), Hedw.

On ground, rocks, etc. ; common (Walter L. Burrage, Rand,
Theodore G. White) ; — also Great Cranberry Isle (Theodore
G. White).

202 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

Var. squarrosum, Lesq. & J.

Seal Harbor (Theodore G. White).
Var. paludosum, Bruch & Schimp.

Seal Harbor (Theodore G. White).
Var. pallidum, C. Mueller.

Jordan Pond trail, Seal Harbor (Theodore G. "White).
Var. rupestre, Austin.

Leaves short, curled and twisted when dry; jjlants small and
usually sterile. Musci App., No. 90 (1870). S. & L., Musci
Bor. Am., ed. 2, No. 76 (1865). On rocks in woods. Break-
neck Ponds (Annie S. Downs) ; — Seal Harbor (Theodore G.
White).

Var. recurvatum (Schultz), Brid.

Plants tall and slender, usually sterile, bright yellow; leaves
uncinate, recurved, narrow and plumose at tip; distant, not
crowded on the stems. Pretty marsh Harbor (Theodore G.
White).

D. majus, Smith.

Damp ground. Cold Brook ; Great Cranberry Isle (Eand) ; —
Sutton Island (Theodore G. White).

D. palustre, Bruch & Schimp. D. Bonjeani, DeNot.

Moist ground. Sargent Mt. (Faxon & Eand); — Western
Mt. ; Beech Mt. Notch; woods, Norwood Cove; wood road to
Great Pond, Southwest Harbor; Seal Harbor (Rand) ; — Pretty-
marsh; The Cleft; Seal Harbor (Theodore G. White).

D. Schraderi, Web. & Mohr. D. Bergeri, Bland.

Moist ground in woods and on the mountains. Browns Mt.
(Faxon & Rand); — Dog Mt. (E. Faxon); — Norwood Cove;
Intervale Brook; Beech Cliff; near Aunt Bettys Pond (Rand).

D. spurium, Hedw.

Dry ground. Browns Mt. (Redfield, Faxon & Rand); —
Browns Mt. Notch; Seal Harbor; West Branch of Hadlock
Brook (Rand); — Barr Hill (Theodore G. White).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 203

D. brachycaulon, Kindb.

Allied to D. spuriuni, but differing in the short stem only
1 cm, high, the leaves smaller and shorter, oblong-ovate, acute,
not acuminate, entire, not papillose at back, costa elevate, per-
current and smooth, alar cells brown, capsule small, pedicel
1 cm. long. Peculiar in its short leaves and its elevate costa.
Kindberg in Macoun, Cat. Canadian Plants, part vi. 34.
Kot uncommon in dry places on the hills and mountains.
High Head (Paxon & Pand) ; — Dog Mt. ; Robinson Mt. (E.
Faxon) ; — Sargent Mt. ; Jordan Mt. (Rand) .

D. Drummondi, C. Mueller.

On ground, mostly in woods; frequent. Browns Mt. (E.
Paxon) ; — Western Mt. ; Norwood Cove ; Upper Breakneck
Pond (Rand) ; — between Hadlock farm and Frenchman Camp
(Redfield); — Seal Harbor; High Head (Theodore G. White).

D. undulatum, Ehrh.

On ground in woods; very common (A. B. Eaton, Burrage,
Rand, Faxon, Redfield, White). An unusual form, with five
pedicels in a cluster. Beech Cliff (Theodore G. White).

FISSIDENS, Hedw.

F. adiantoides (L.), Hedw.

On wet rocks. Western Mt.; Southwest Valley road (Rand).

LEUCOBRYUM, Hampe.

L. vulgare, Hampe. L. fjlaucuvi (L.), Schimp.

On ground, woods and hills; common (Rand, Redfield, White).
L. minus, Sulliv. L. alhidwm (Brid.), Lindb.

On ground. Great Cranberry Isle; Seal Harbor (Theodore

G. White).

CERATODON, Brid.

C. purpureas (L.), Brid.

On rocks and ground ; common (Burrage, Faxon, Rand,
White). Also Great Cranberry Isle (Theodore G. White).

204 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

C. conicus (Hampe), Lindb.

"Differs from C. purpureus in the long excurrent costa, the
capsule erect and symmetric, faintly sulcate, the lid shorter,
the teeth pale, red at base, with fewer articulations." Kind-
berg in Macoun, Cat. Canadian Plants, part vi. 39.* On rocks.
Browns Mt. (Walter L. Burrage, Faxon & Band).

Tribe POTTIBuE.
LEPTOTRICHUM, Hampe. (Ditrichum, Timm.)

L. pallidum (Schreb,), Hampe. D. pallidum (Schreb.), Hampe.
A depauperate form on ground. Long Pond, Eden (Rand).

BARBULA, Hedw.

B. tortuosa (L.), Web. & Mohr.

On ground. West Branch of Hadlock Brook (Rand).

Tribe GRIMMIEiE.

GRIMMIA, Ehrh.
G. conferta, Funck.

On rocks. Seal Harbor (Theodore G. White).

G. apocarpa (L.), Hedw., var. gracilis (Schleich.), Web. &
Mohr.
On rocks. East Point, Seal Harbor (Theodore G. White).

RACOMITRIUM, Brid.

R. aciculare (L.), Brid.

Wet rocks, in brooks, etc. Little Harbor Brook (Redfield,
Rand) ; — Intervale Brook (Rand).

R. heterostichum (Hedw.), Brid.

On rocks. Beech Cliff (Rand) ; — Dog Mt. (E. Faxon).

* See also Braithw., British Moss Flora, 175.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 205

R. fasciculare (Schrad.), Brid.

On rocks. Browns Mt.; Sargent Mt. (Faxon & Kand) ; —
The Cleft (Theodore G. White).

R. microcarpum, Brid.

On rocks. Browns Mt. ; Beech Mt.; north of Beech Hill
(Rand) ; — Robinson Mt. (E. Faxon).

R. lanuginosum, Brid. H. hypnoides (L.), Lindb.

On rocks, mountain summits. Sargent Mt. (E. Faxon); —
Green Mt. (D. C. Eaton) ; — Pemetic Mt. (Rand).

HEDWIGIA, Ehrh.
H. ciliata, Ehrh.

On rocks; common. Sargent Mt., and elsewhere (Faxon &
Rand) ; — Beech Hill ; Somesville, and elsewhere (Rand) ; —
Seal Harbor (Theodore G. White).

Var. viridis, Schimp.

Browns Mt. (Redfield) ; — Seal Harbor (Theodore G. White).

Tribe ORTHOTRICHE.ai.

AMPHORIDIUM, Schimp.
A. Lapponicum (Hedw.), Schimp.

On wet rocks. Canada Cliff (E. Faxon).
A. Mougeotii (Benth.), Schimp.

On rocks. Green Mt. Gorge (D. C. Eaton).

ULOTA, Mohr. {Weissia, Ehrh.*)

TJ. Ludwigii, Brid. Weissia coarctata (Beauv.), Lindb.

On trees; common (Burrage, Faxon, Rand, Redfield, White).
[J. crispa, Brid. Weissia ulophylla, Ehrh.

On trees; common (Burrage, Rand, Redfield). On rocks.
Balance Rock, Seal Harbor; north of Beech Hill (Rand).

* See Elizabeth G. Britten, N. A. Species of Weissia, Bull. Torr. Bot
Club, xxi. 65,

206 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

U. crispula, Brid. Weissia crispula, Lindb.
On trees. Sargent Mt. (Faxon & E-and).

U. phyllantha, Brid. Weissia phyllantha (Brid.), Lindb.
On trees. Seal Harbor (Theodore G. White).

U. Hutchinsise (Smith), Hammar. Weissia Americana (Beauv.),
Lindb.

On rocks; common (Redfield, Rand, White).

ORTHOTRICHUM, Hedw.

0. fallax, Schimp. 0. Schimjyeri, Hammar.
On willow trees. Somesville (Rand).

Tribe TETRAPHIDE.aS.
TETR APHIS, Hedw. {Oeorgia, Ehrh.)
T. pellncida (L.), Hedw. Georr/ia pellucida (L.), Ehrh.
On decaying wood; common (Burrage, Rand, White).

Tribe SPLACHNE^ffi.
SPLACHNUM, L.
S. ampuUaceum, L.

On cow dung. Bog hole on wood road to Aunt Bettys Pond,
Youngs District (Rand, Faxon). On rotten wood. Woods
north of Long Pond (Theodore G. White).

Tribe PHYSCOMITRIEiB.
FUNARIA, Schreb.
F. hygrometrica (L.), Sibth.

On ground; common, especially on burnt soil (Rand, White).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 207

Tribe BARTRAMIE^.
BARTRAMIA, Hedw.
B. pomiformis (L.), Hedw.

Rocks and shady banks. Sargent Mt. Gorge (Walter L.
Burrage) ; — Beech Mt. Notch; High Head; Western Mt.
(Rand); — Triad Pass (Theodore G. White).

Var. crispa (Swz.), Schimp.

Browns Mt. Notch (Rand) ; — between Hadlock farm and
Frenchman Camp (Redfield).

PHILONOTIS, Brid.

P. Muhlenbergii, Brid.

Wet places. Sargent Mt. ; Browns Mt. (Faxon & Rand) ; —
Beech Hill (Rand).

P. fontana (L. ), Brid.

Wet places and moist rocks; common (Rand, Faxon, White).

Tribe BRYE^.

LEPTOBRYUM, Schimp.
L. pyriforme (L.), Wils.

Ox Hill, Seal Harbor (Theodore G. White).

WEBER A, Hedw. (Pohlia, Hedw.)
W. nutans (Schreb.), Hedw. Pohlia nutans (Schreb.), Lindb.

On ground, and rock hollows on mountains ; common (Faxon,
Rand, White).

BRYUM, L.
B. bimum, Schreb.

Moist places. Somesville (Redfield, Rand) ; — shore of North-
west Arm, Great Pond (Rand).

208 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

B. caEspiticium, L.

On ground. Long Pond, Eden; High Head (Rand); — Seal
Harbor (Theodore G. White).

B. capillare, L.

In rich soil. Triad Pass; banks of Somes Stream (Rand).

B, pseudotriquetrum (Hedw.), Schwaegr. B. ventricosum,
Dicks.
Shores. Ripples Pond; Northwest Arm, Great Pond (Rand).

MNIUM, L. {Astrophyllum, Neck.)

M. cuspidatum, Hedw. Astrophyllum sylvaticum, Lindb.
On ground, shady places; common (Rand, White).

M. rostratum, Schwaegr. Astrophyllum rostratum (Schrad.),
Lindb.

Seal Harbor (Theodore G. White).
M. afl&ne, Bland. Astrophyllum cuspidatum (L.), Lindb.

In moist ground, shady places by watercourses, etc; common
(Burrage, Rand).

M. hornum, L. Astrophyllum hornum (L.), Lindb,

Moist, shady woods. Seal Harbor (Redfield) ; — Otter Cliffs ;
High Head; Norwood Cove; head of The Barcelona meadow ;
Somesville (Rand) ; — Barr Hill ; Great Cranberry Isle; Sutton
Island (Theodore G. White).

M. cinclidioides (Blytt), Hueben. Astrophyllum cinclidioides
(Blytt), Lindb.

Woods, Beech Hill road, Southwest Harbor (Rand).

M. punctatum (L.), Hedw. Astrophyllum imnctatum (L.),
Lindb.

Moist woods and wet places ; common (Rand, Redfield,
White). A small form. Browns Mt. Notch (Rand).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 209

AULACOMNIUM, Schwaegr. {Sjjhcerocephalus, Neck.)

A. palustre (L,), Schwaegr. Sphcerocephalus j^cclusti'is (L.),
Lindb.
Marshy places; common (Burrage, Rand, White).

Var. polycephalum, Bruch & Schimp.

Frequent. Near Northwest Cove (E. Faxon) ; — Beech Hill ;
near Ripples Pond, and elsewhere (Rand); — near Long Pond
(Theodore G. White).

Tribe POLYTRICHE-S!.

ATRICHUM, Beauv. (Catharinea, Ehrh.)

A. undulatum (L.), Beauv. Catharinea undulata (L.), Web.
& Mohr.

In damp ground. Beech Mt. Notch; brookside, Southwest
Valley road ; Stanley Brook ; Somesville (Rand) ; — Great
Cranberry Isle (Theodore G. White).

A. angustatum, Bruch & Schimp. Catharinea angustata,
Brid.
On ground. Beech Mt. Notch; High Head; Seal Harbor;
Southwest Valley road (Rand).

POGONATUM, Beauv.

P. brevicaule, Beauv. P. tenue (Menz.), E. G. Britton.

On clay banks. Wood road to Great Pond, Southwest Har-
bor; Beech Cliff road, Somesville (Rand); — Southwest Harbor
(M. L. Fernald).

P. alpinum (L.), Roehl.

On rocks. Browns Mt. (Walter L. Burrage) ; — Ovens ;
Browns Mt. Notch (Rand) ; — slope of Green Mt. (D. C.
Eaton) ; — Triad Pass (Theodore G. White).

14

210 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

POLYTRICHUM, L.

P. Ohioense, Ren. & Card. P. formosum, Lesq. & J., Mosses
N. A., 264 in part.
Stem erect, simple or bipartite, 3-6 cm. long, a little tomeu-
tose below; leaves spreading when moist, erect-flexuous when
dry, from a sheathing base, linear-acuminate, cuspidate, serrate;
lamellae about 50, each in section of a row of 5-7 cells, the mar-
ginal one much larger, transversely dilated, about twice broader
than high, very slightly convex, often almost plane; perichaetial
leaves longer, with a longer hyaline base. Pedicel 4-8 cm. long,
reddish below, pale above ; capsule erect, finally horizontal,
tetragonal or pentagonal, rarely hexagonal, acute-angled, rather
narrowed toward the base, with a very small or indistinct hy-
pophysis; length 5-7 mm., diameter 2-2| mm.; lid conic-acu-
minate, red at margin. Distinguished from P. formosum by the
form of the capsule, more or less narrowed toward the base, and
with an indistinct hypophysis; and further chiefly by the form
of the marginal cells of the lamellae. Ren. & Card., Rev. Bryol.
(1885), 11. Bot. Gaz., xiii. 199. Macoun, Cat. Canadian Plants,
part vi. 153. On ground. Woods, Hadlock Valley (Redfield).

P. piliferum, Schreb.

Dry grounds, and in rock hollows. Sargent Mt. ; Browns
Mt. (Walter L. Burrage) ; — Flying Mt. (R. & R.); — Newport
Mt. (Theodore G. White).

P. juniperinum, Willd.

Dry, open ground. Dog Mt. ; Browns Mt. ; Asticou Hill
(Walter L. Burrage) ; — Otter Creek quarries (Theodore G.
White).

p. alpinum, L. P. jtiniperinnm, Willd., var. alpinum (L.),
Schimp.
Barr Hill, and elsewhere (Theodore G. White).

P. strictum, Banks.

Dry ground. Browns Mt. (Rand) ; — Southwest Harbor (A.
B. Eaton); — Salisbury Cove (Walter L. Burrage); — Long
Pond (Theodore G. White).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 211

P. commune, L.

Dry or moist ground, woods and open places; very common
(Burrage, Rand, White).

Tribe BUXBAUMIE2B.
DIPHYSCIUM, Mohr. {Webera, Ehrh.)

D. foliosum (Web.), Mohr. Webera sessilis (Sclimid.), Lindb.
On clay bank, shore south of Aunt Mollys Beach (Rand).

Section II. PLEUROCARPI.
Tribe FONTINALE-ffi.

FONTINALIS, L.
F. antipyretica, L., var. gigantea, Sulliv.

Frequent on stones in brooks. Cold Brook; brook, Clark
Valley, and elsewhere (Rand); — Bubble Pond (Redfield).

P. Dalecarlica, Bruch & Schimp.

On stones in brooks; common (Burrage, Rand). Also in still
water on the shore of Great Pond (Rand).

F. Novae-Angliae, Sulliv.

Rivulet flowing into Denning Pond (E. Faxon); — Somes
Stream (Rand); — Hunters Brook (Theodore G. White).

F. Lescurii, Sulliv.

Doctors Brook (Redfield).
F. Sullivantii, Lindb.

In swift and still water. Long Pond, Eden (E. Faxon) ; —
runlet near head of Denning Pond (Rand).

DICHELYMA, Myrin.

D. pallescens, Bruch & Schimp.

On twigs in wet hole in woods, head of The Barcelona meadow
(Rand).

212 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

Tribe NECKERE^.

NECKERA, Hedw.

N. pennata (L.), Hedw.

On trees ; frequent. Seal Harbor (Redfield) ; — Canada Val-
ley ; Upper Breakneck Pond, etc. (Kand) ; — slopes of Green
Mt. (D. C. Eaton); — Southwest Harbor (M. L. Fernald) ; —
Barr Hill (Theodore G. White).

Tribe LEUCODONTEiE.

LEUCODON, Schwaegr.
L. sciuroides (L.), Schwaegr.

On willow trees, Somesville (Rand).

Tribe LESKEEiB.
MYURELLA, Bruch & Schimp.

M. julacea (Vill.), Bruch & Schimp.
On ground. Southwest Harbor (Rand).

LESKEA, Hedw.
Jj I. tristis, Cesati.

On trees. Deer Brook, near Jordan Pond (Rand).

Tribe ORTHOTHECIE-S!.
PLATYGYRIUM, Bruch & Schimp. {Entodon, C. Mueller.)

P. repens, Bruch & Schimp. E. palatinus (Neck.), Lindb.
On willow trees, Somesville (Rand).

PYLAISIA, Bruch & Schimp.

P. polyantha (Schreb.), Bruch & Schimp.
On old plank, Southwest Harbor (Rand).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 213

P. velutina, Bruch & Schimp.

On trees. Canada Valley; West Branch of Hadlock Brook;
Deer Brook; Intervale Brook (Rand).

CLIMACIUM, Web. & Mohr.

C. dendroides (L.), Web. & Mohr.

On ground. Woods, head of The Barcelona meadow; Clark
Valley (Rand).

C. Americanum, Brid.

On ground. Moist thicket, Somes Stream (Rand).

Tribe HYPNE-SJ.

HYPNUM, L.
Subgenus THUIDIUM.
H. recognitum, Hedw.

On ground, rocks, etc.; common (Walter L. Burrage, Rand).
H. delicatulum, L.

On ground, rocks, etc. Western Mt. ; Cold Brook (Rand) ; —
Triad Pass (Theodore G. White).

Subgenus BRACHYTHECIUM.

H. laetum, Brid.

On trees. West Branch of Hadlock Brook (Rand).
H. salebrosum, Hoffm. H. plumosum, Huds.

On trees. Roadside near Ripples Pond; near Seal Harbor
reservoir; Clark Valley (Rand).

Var. palustre, Lesq. & J.

Wet ground. Woods, head of The Barcelona meadow; junc-
tion of Prettymarsh and Seal Cove roads (Rand).

H. velutinum, L.

On ground. Dry woods, Seal Harbor (Theodore G. White).

214 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

H. rutabulum, L.

On rocks or stumps. North of Beech Mt. ; Northwest Arm
woods (Kand) ; — on Jordan Stream (Theodore G. White).

H. campestre, Bruch.

On ground, rocks, and logs. Near head of Denning Pond;
Southwest Harbor; Intervale Brook; woods, Upper Breakneck
Pond; Western Mt. (Rand).

H. Novae-Angliae, Sulliv. & Lesq.

On ground. Asticou Hill ; Baker Island (Theodore G. White) ;
— Seal Harbor; Cold Brook (Rand).

H. plumosum, Swz. H. pseudoplumosum, Brid.

On rocks. Road to Beech Hill, Somesville (Rand) ; — New-
port Mt. (Theodore G. White).

Subgenus EURHYNCHIUM.
H. strigosum, Hoffm.

Bog hole, Prettymarsh road west of Ripples Pond (E. Faxon).
H. SuUivantii, Spruce.

On ground. Woods at Salisbury Cove (Walter L. Burrage).

Subgenus RAPHIDOSTEGIUM.
H. recurvans (Mx.), Schwaegr.

On tree roots and old logs. Foot of Western Mt.; Salisbury
Cove (Walter L. Burrage) ; — woods, Norwood Cove ; Upper
Breakneck Pond (Rand).
H. cylindricarpum, C. Mueller.

On trees. Browns Mt. (R. & R.).

H. Jamesii, Lesq. & J.

On ground. Triad Pass (Theodore G. White).

Subgenus RHYNCHOSTEGIUM.
H. deplanatum, Schimp.

On decaying wood. Jordan Pond trail from Northeast Har-
bor (Rand).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 215

H, serrulatum, Hedw.

On wet rocks. Western Mt. On wet ground. Near Eipples
Pond (Eand).

H. rusciforme, Weis.

Wet rocks. East Branch of Hadlock Brook (Walter L. Bur-
rage) ; — Browns Mt. (Eediield) ; — Sargent Mt. ; West Branch
of Hadlock Brook (Rand).

Subgenus PLAGIOTHECIUM.

H. micans, Swz.

On decaying wood. Seal Harbor (Theodore G. White).

H. turfaceum, Lindb.

On ground and old logs in woods ; common (Redfield, Eand,
White).

H. elegans, Hook.

Crevices of rocks. Dog Mt. (Rand) ; — Seal Harbor (Theo-
dore G. White).

H. denticulatum, L,

On decaying tree trunks. Browns Mt. Notch ; Norwood Cove
(Rand); — Browns Mt. (Redfield); — woods north of Long
Pond (Theodore G. White). On rocks. Northern foot of Beech
Mt. (Eand).

H. Muhlenbeckii, Spruce. H. striatellum, Brid.
On rocks; frequent (Eand).

Subgenus AMBLYSTEGIUM.
H. serpens, L.

On decaying wood. Southwest Harbor (Eand).
H. orthocladon, Beauv.

On old trees. Woods, Intervale Brook (Rand).
H. Lescurii, Sulliv.

On wet rocks. Intervale Brook, near bridge (Eand).

216 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

H. riparium, L.

On decaying wood, Stanley Brook (Eand); — immersed among
Fontinalis Dalecarlica, shore of Northwest Arm, Great Pond
(Eand).

Var. flaccidum, Lesq. & J.

Deep woods, Little Cranberry Isle (Redfield).

Subgenus CAMPYLIUM.

H. hispidulum, Brid.

On wet rocks. Western Mt. (Rand).

H. chrysophyllum, Brid.

On tree roots in moist ground. Long Pond (Theodore G.
White); — meadow on Sunken Heath Brook (Rand).

Var. rupestre, Aust.

Plants large, in dense cushions; stems usually long, branch-
ing; generally sterile. Austin, Musci App., No. 396 (1870). On
rocks in brooks. Sargent Mt. Gorge (Walter L. Burrage).

Var. cKspitosum, Aust.

Plants slender, densely caespitose. Austin, Musci App., No. 395
(1870). About tree roots. Seal Harbor (Theodore G. White).

H. polygamum, Wils.

In wet ground. Somesville (Rand).

Subgenus HARPIDIUM.

H. aduncum, Hedw.

In wet ground. Sea Wall; Beech Cliff; Somes Pond (Eand).

H. uncinatum, Hedw, H. aduncum, L.

On ground, rocks, and decaying wood; very common. (Bur-
rage, Rand, Redfield.)

Var. gracilescens, Bruch & Schimp.

On ground in woods, Great Cranberry Isle (Rand).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 217

H. fluitans, L.

In ditches, bog holes, and wet places. Near Spruce Point,
Eden (E. Faxon);— Sea Wall (Redfield) , — Ripples Pond;
Pemetic Mt. ; Jordan Mt. ; Browns Mt., a very slender form
(Rand).

Subgenus CTENIUM.

H. Crista-castreusis, L.

On ground and old logs; frequent. Upper Hadlock Pond
(Walter L. Burrage) ; — Sargent Mt. (Faxon & Rand) ; — High
Head (H. S. Rand); — Southwest Valley road, etc. (Rand); —
between Hadlock farm and Frenchman Camp (Redfield) ; —
Great Head (Theodore G. White).

Subgenus HYPNUM, proper.

H. reptile, Mx.

On ground or on trees. South end of Great Pond; Cold
Brook; Southwest Valley road; Western Mt. ; Beech Mt.;
Northwest Arm woods; Intervale Brook (Rand).

H. fertile, Sendt.

On moist rocks, old logs, etc. Browns Mt. Notch ; Intervale
Brook (Rand); — woods, north of Long Pond (Theodore G.
White).

H. imponens, Hedw.

On ground, old logs, etc. Canada Valley; Norwood Cove;
Northwest Arm woods ; Intervale Brook (Rand) ; — The Cleft
(Theodore G. White).

H. cupressiforme, L.

On rocks, old trees, etc.; common and variable. Hadlock
Upper Pond (Walter L. Burrage) ; — south end of Great Pond,
and elsewhere (Rand); — Seal Harbor; Sutton Island (Theodore
G. White).

Var. filiforme, Brid.

On Jordan Stream (Theodore G. Wliite).

218 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

Var. ericetorum, Bruch & Schimp.
Northwest Arm woods (Rand).

Var. resupinatum (Wils.), Schimp.

Csespitose, pale green ; leave.s falcate or curved, yellow at
angles; capsule suberect or incurved, lid rostrate. On Jordan
Stream (Theodore G. White); — woods, Intervale Brook (Rand).

H. curvifolium, Hedw.

Wet rocks and old logs. Waterfall, East Branch of Hadlock
Brook (Theodore G. White); — Somes Pond; Intervale Brook
(Rand).

H. pratense, Koch,

In wet ground. Seal Cove road, Southwest Harbor (Rand),

H. Haldanianum, Grev.

Wet clayey ground and on tree trunks. Ripples Pond; be-
tween Bass Harbor and Southwest Harbor (Rand); — Pretty-
marsh (Theodore G. White).

Subgenus LIMNOBIUM.

H. palustre, Huds.

On rocks. Woods on Intervale Brook (Rand).

H. molle, Dicks. H. dllatatum, Wils.

On wet rocks. Brook, Western Mt. (Walter L. Burrage); —
Browns Mt. Notch (Rand).

H. eugyrium, Schimp.

Woods, north of Long Pond (Theodore G. White) ; — Inter-
vale Brook (Rand).

H. ochraceum, Turn.

In cold mountain brooks. North of Sargent Mt. ; near head
of Denning Pond (Rand); — at waterfall, East Branch of Had-
lock Brook (Theodore G. White). A very slender form, head
waters of Gilmore Brook (E. Faxon).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 219

Subgenus CALLIERGON.

H, cordifolium, Hedw.

Common in swamps and wet boggy ground. (E. Faxon, Rand,
White.)

H. Schreberi, Willd. H. paneti?ium, L.

On ground; common. (Burrage, E. Faxon, Rand, Redfield,
White.)

H. stramineum, Dicks.

Among sphagnum in bogs. Little Cranberry Isle (Redfield) ;
— Breakneck Ponds; Great Cranberry Isle (Rand).

Subgenus PLEUROZIUM.

H. splendens, Hedw. ff. 2i'>"oliferum, L.

Moist rocks and on ground in woods; common. (Burrage,
Redfield, Rand, White.)

H. brevirostre, Ehrh.

Gorge, West Branch of Hadlock Brook (Rand).

Subgenus HYLOCOMIUM.

H. squarrosum, L.

On ground. Cold Brook (Rand).

H. triquetrum, L.

Woods, on ground; common. (Burrage, Rand.)

Division II. HEPATIC^; LIVERWORTS.

List prepared by Edward L. Rand under the supervision of
Dr. L. M. Underwood, by whom many annotations and some
necessary descriptions have been furnished. Plants collected
by Edward L. Rand and others ; determined by Dr. Underwood.
The arrangement followed is that given in the sixth edition of
Gray's Manual.

220 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

JUNGERMANNIACE^. Scale Mosses.

FRULLANIA, Raddi.
F. Eboracensis, Lehm.

Common on trees; sometimes on rocks.
F. Asagrayana, Mont.

On spruce trees, Beecli Mt. (Rand) ; — on rocks, near Little
Harbor (Redfield) ; — among moss on old log, Great Pond
(Rand).

JUBULA, Dumort.

J. HutchinsiaB (Hook.), Dumort., var. SuUivantii, Spruce.
Wet rocks in Intervale Brook (Rand).

PORELLA, L.

P. platyphylla (L.), Lindb. 3Iadotheca platyphylla, Dumort.
Frequent, usually on trees. Seal Harbor (Redfield); — Deer
Brook; Hadlock Brook; Breakneck road (Rand).

PTILIDIUM, Nees.
P. ciliare (L.), Nees.

Very common on ground, rotten trees, etc. Variable. An
unusually small form on old log, path to Beech Cliff (Rand).
A large form, among sphagnum in bog hole on The Heath,
Great Cranberry Isle, appears to be P. pulcherri7nu7ii (Web.),
Nees.

TRICHOCOLEA, Dumort.
T. tomentella (Ehrh.), Dumort.
In moss. Cold Brook (Rand).

BAZZANIA, S. F. Gray.

B. trilobata (L.), S. F. Gray. Mastigobryum trilobatum, Nees.
Very common on ground in damp woods. A very delicate
form on wet rocks, northern end of Beech Mt. (Rand).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 221

LEPIDOZIA, Dumort.

L. reptans (L.), Dumort.

On wet rocks among moss, northern end of Beech Mt. ; on
ground, Norwood Cove (Eand).

L. setacea (Web.), Mitt.

In sphagnum, border of Aunt Bettys Pond (Faxon & Rand).
This seems to be a floating form.

BLEPHAROSTOMA, Dumort.

B. trichophyllum (L.), Dumort.

On clay banks, Stanley Brook, Seal Harbor (Rand).

CEPHALOZIA, Dumort.

C. Virginiana, Spruce.

In wet ground. Southern end of Great Pond (Rand).

C. multiflora, Spruce.

In wet ground. Sunken Heath; Sunken Heath Brook j Beech
Mt. (Rand).

C. bicuspidata (L.), Dumort.

On the ground. Jordan Pond trail from Northeast Harbor;
Norwood Cove (Rand).

C. curvifolia (Dicks.), Dumort.

On rotten logs. Northwest Arm woods (Rand).

C. fluitans (Nees), Spruce.

Very abundant in shallow pools and among sphagnum,
Sunken Heath (Faxon & Rand) ; — Sunken Heath Brook
(Rand).

C, divaricata (Sm.), Dumort.

On rocks with Andreaea, Sargent Mt. (Rand).

222 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

KANTIA, S. F. Gray.

K. Trichomanis (L.), S. F. Gray.

On ground. Wood road to Western Mt. ; Jordan Pond path,
Seal Harbor (Rand).

SCAPANIA, Dumort.

S. undulata (L.), Dumort.

On stones in brooks, usually submersed; frequent.
S. irrigua (Nees), Dumort.

On rocks in water. Jordan Pond; Stanley Brook (Rand).
S. nemorosa (L.), Dumort.

On wet rocks and damp ground; very common.

DIPLOPHYLLUM, Dumort.

D. albicans (L.), Dumort.

This species is distinguished from D. taxifolium '*by the
presence in the two lobes of a pseudo-nerve, which is often
colorless, and consists of a series of from 4 to 6 elongated
cells. A cross-section of the leaf shows the cells to be of
equal diameter as the others, only with the outer walls thick-
ened considerably." Pearson, Canadian Hepaticse, 15. On
rocks. Browns Mt. Notch (Rand).

D. taxifolium (Wahl.), Dumort. D. albicans, Dumort., var.
taxifolium, Nees. Gray, Man., 6th ed., 715.

On rocks. West Branch of Hadlock Brook (Rand).
D. Dicksoni (Hook.), Dumort.

Stems prostrate, copiously rooting below, mostly simple with
ascending apices; leaves deeply 2-lobed, spreading or somewhat
involute when dry, pale or becoming whitish, the lower lobe
obliquely ovate or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat falcate, the upper
lobe a half smaller, lanceolate, acute; leaf cells rather large,
nearly uniform; perianth ovate, with a plicate-laciniate mouth.
On rocks. Northern end of Beech Mt. (Rand).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 223

GEOCALYX, Nees.

G. graveolens (Schrad.), Nees.

On rotten stumps. Beech Mt. (Rand).

LOPHOCOLEA, Dumort.
L. bidentata (L.), Dumort.

In rill by roadside, near head of Great Pond (Rand).

CHILOSCYPHUS, Corda.

C. polyantlios (L.), Corda.

On ground. Southern end of Great Pond; Cold Brook
(Rand).

Var. rivularis, Nees.

On dripping rocks, northern end of Beech Mt. (Rand).

PLAGIOCHILA, Dumort.

P. asplenoides (L.), Dumort.

On wet rocks. Cold Brook; Intervale Brook; northern end
of Beech Mt. (Rand).

MYLIA, S. F. Gray.
M. Taylori (Hook.), S. F. Gray.

Among sphagnum, shore of Aunt Bettys Pond (Rand).
M. anomala (Hook.), S. F. Gray.

Differs from M. Taylori, of which it may be only a variety,
in its rather distant leaves, which are obtuse, acute, or ovate-
acuminate on the same stem, and thinner in texture, in its
longer perianth, and in its ovate involucral leaves. Among
sphagnum, Freeman Heath (E. Faxon).

JUNGERMANNIA, L.
J. Schraderi, Mart.

On ground and old logs ; common.

224 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

J. pumila, With.

On ground. Woods near Somes Pond (Rand).
J. barbata, Schreb.

On rocks. Western Mt. (Eand). A variety on wet rocks,
northern end of Beech Mt. (Rand).

J. attenuata, Lindenb. J. barbata, var. attenuata, Mart.
Gray, Man., 6th ed., 719.
On rocks, northern end of Beech Mt. ; on old tree. The
Heath, Great Cranberry Isle (Rand).

J. ventricosa, Dicks.

On old log, northern end of Beech Mt. (Rand).
J. excisa, Dicks.

On decaying logs. Jordan Mt.; The Heath, Great Cranberry
Isle (Rand).
J. incisa, Schrad.

On the ground and on decaying logs. Southern end of Great
Pond (Rand).
J. inflata, Huds.

On ground and rocks ; frequent. Variable. Browns Mt.;
Beech Mt.; Sargent Mt. (Rand). A variety on wet rocks,
Sargent Mt. (Rand). A form with very small compressed
leaves, Robinson Mt. (E. Faxon). An aquatic form, pools on
summit of Beech Mt. ; on logs in water, Sunken Heath Brook
(Rand).
* J. Marchica, Nees.

Under leaves (amphigastria) none; stem creeping, radicu-
lose, flexuous, subsimple or with offshoots at the apex, rather
thick, soft; leaves semi-vertical, spreading, ver}^ lax, subquad-
rate, repand, entire, pale, bifid with an angular sinus, retrorsely
gibbous and with divergent obtuse lacinioe (or more rarely
trifid) ; fruit unknown. Nees, Europ. Lebermoose, ii. 77. On
Sphagnum Bussowii, Beech Mt. (Rand). Spec, in herb. C.
Warnstorf.

Nees did not include this species in the later work, Synopsis
Hepaticorum, nor is it mentioned in other works of importance.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 225

Dr. Warnstorf, however, writes that the discovery is a very
important one, since it is the second or third time that this
species has been collected. He evidently regards it as a good
species.

MARSUPELLA, Dumort.
M. sphacelata (Giesecke), Dumort.

On rocks. Summit of Green Mt. (D. C. Eaton); — Beech
Cliff (Rand).
M. emarginata (Ehrh.), Dumort.

Wet rocks; frequent.
M. adusta (Nees), Spruce.

Wet ledges, Green Mt. (E. Faxon).

NARDIA, S. F. Gray.

N. crenulata (Sm.), Lindb.

On decaying wood. The Heath, Great Cranberry Isle (Rand).

FOSSOMBRONIA, Raddi.

F. Dumortieri, Lindb.

Pond shores, on ground. Jordan Pond; Ripples Pond; Great
Pond (Rand).

PALLAVICINIA. S. F. Gray.
P. Lyellii (Hook.), S. F. Gray. Steetzia Lyellil, Lehm.
Forming mats under water. Sunken Heath Brook (Rand).

PELLIA, Raddi.
P. epiphylla (L.), Nees.

On damp ground, pond shores, brooksides, etc.; common.

ANEURA, Dumort.
A. palmata (Hedw.), Dumort.

Di<Ecious, generally proliferous, small, opaque; thallus short
and narrow; branches linear, palmately divided, usually narrow-

15

226 FLORA OK MOUNT DESERT.

ing gradually towards the apex, subacute and scarcely emargi-
nate, biconvex; cells small, rounded, thickened; bracts numerous;
calyptra small, densely verrucosa ; antheridia linear, Lindb.,
Not. pro Fauna et Fl. Fen., xiii. 375. On old tree, West Branch
of Stanley Brook (Rand).

MARCHANTIACE^. Liverworts.

MARCHANTIA, L.
M. polymorpha, L.

On the ground, especially after fires; frequent. Beech Hill;
High Head; Somesville, and elsewhere (Rand).

CONOCEPHALUS, Neck.

C. conicus (L.), Dumort.

On damp ground. Aunt Mollys Beach (Rand) ; — Bar
Harbor (Kate Furbish).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 227

Class III. THALLOPHYTA.

Division I. CHARACE.E.

NITELLA, Ag.
N. opaca, Ag.

Ponds and streams; common. Smith Brook, High Plead ;
Deer Brook; Canada Brook; Jordan Stream (Rand); — Long
Pond, Eden (E. Faxon) ; — at outlet Hadlock Lower Pond (Isaac
Holdeu).
N. flexilis, Ag.

Specimens of a Nitella, probably this species, have been found
in several localities. Mouth of Hunters Brook; Somes Stream;
Deer Brook (Rand); — Great Pond (Isaac Holden).

Division II. ALGM.

List prepared by Frank S. Collins. Plants collected by
Frank S. Collins and Isaac Holden.

So far as fresh water algae are concerned, the following list
contains only a few species which have come under the notice of
the collectors ; to make even an approximately representative
list would take careful collecting and study for years; this must
be left for future students. In the representation of marine
alga?, the list is more satisfactory, but here also it is undoubt-
edly far from perfect. For instance, there will be noticed three
species which find a place here only on authoritj"^ of minute
fronds observed on other specimens; it is more than likely that
there are other species equally deserving of a place, but not
equally fortunate in securing it.

The fact that thus far collecting has been done almost entirely
in the summer months accounts for the absence of some species,
which there is every reason to expect in this locality. Still,
allowing for these deficiencies, the list gives a fairly good idea
of the marine flora of the Island, — that sub-arctic flora charac-
teristic of the northern New England coast.

The arrangement of species, genera, etc., is based chiefly on
Engler and Prantl's "Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien, " which

228 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

differs somewhat from the standard work of reference for this
region, Farlow's "Manual of the Marine Algae of Kew Eng-
land." Where the name here used differs from that emploj^ed
by Farlow, the latter is given as a synonym; in the case of si:)ecies
and genera not to be found in Farlow, short descriptions have
been given, which it is hojjed will enable the collector to recognize
the plants. Descriptions of the few fresh \vater algse will be
found in Wolle's "Fresh Water Algte of the United States."

Subdivision I. RHODOPHYCE.E.
CORALLINACEJE.

CORALLINA, L.

C. officinalis, L.

Common in tide pools and below on the shore (Collins) ; —
Sea Wall (Holdeu).

LITHOTHAMNION, Phil.
L. polymorphum (L.), Aresch.
Common in tide pools (Collins).

L. fasciculatum (Lam.), Aresch.

Occasional on shells, etc. Little Cranberry Isle (Collins).
This is the L. fasciculatum of Farlow's Manual, p. 182, but it
is doubtful if it is the European species of that name. The
Lithothamnia of northern Europe have been much studied during
the past few years, and it is quite likely that our plant belongs
to one of the new species formerly included under L. fascicula-
tum ; but it is impossible to decide without comparison of au-
thentic specimens.

LITHOPHYLLUM, Phil.

L. Lenormandi, Eosanoff. Melohesla Lenormandi, Farlow's
Manual, 181.
Common in tide pools (Collins).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 229

MELOBESIA, Lamour.

M. pustulata, Lamour.

Occasional on Chondrus, etc. (Collins).

M. Lejolisii, Rosanoff.

A few fronds on Zostera, Little Cranberry Isle (Collins).

SQUAMARIACE^.

PEYSSONNELIA, Decne.

P. Dubyi, Crouan.

On shells and stones, near Seal Harbor; not common (Col-
lins).

PETROCELIS, J. Ag.
P. cruenta, J. Ag.

Common in tide pools (Collins); — Greening Island (Holden).

RHIZOPHYLLIDACE^.

POLYIDES, Ag.
P. rotundus (Gmelin), Grev.

Occasional in tide pools, near Seal Harbor (Collins); — Sea
Wall (Holden).

GLCEOSIPHONIACE.E.

GLCEOSIPHONIA, Carm.
G. capillaris (Huds.), Carm.

Not uncommon. Little Cranberry Isle; near Seal Harbor
(Collins).

230 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

CERAMIACE^.

CERAMIUM, Lyngb.

C. Hooperi, Harv.

Common on overhanging rocks near low-water mark. Near
Seal Harbor (Collins); — Sea Wall (Holden).

C. rubrum (Huds.), Ag.

Common everywhere (Collins) ; — Sea Wall (Holden).

ANTITHAMNION, Naeg.

A. Pylaissei (Mont.), Farlow. CaUlthamnion Pylaiscei, Far-
low's Manual, 123.
On Ptilota pectinata (L. E. Boggs).

PLUMARIA, Stack.

P. elegans, Bonnem. Pt'dota elegans, Farlow's Manual, 133.

On overhanging rocks near low-water mark. Near Seal Har-
bor (Collins).

PTILOTA, Ag.

P. pectinata (Gunner), Kjellm. P. serrata, Farlow's Manual,
oo.
Common; cast up from deep water. Seal Harbor, and else-
where (Collins); —Sea Wall (Holden).

RHODOCHORTON, Naeg.

R. Rothii (Engl. Bot.), Naeg. Callithamnion Rothil, Farlow's
Manual, 121.
Common on rocks near low-water mark. Seal Harbor, and
elsewhere (Collins); — Greening Island (Holden).

R. membranaceum, ]\ragnus.

A minute species, growing in Polyzoa, sponges, etc. ; the fila-
ments forming a more or less dense network, sometimes entirely
tilling the interior of the host, which is then quite noticeable,

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 231

being of a bright red, instead of the usual yellowish or whit-
ish color. The tetraspores are usually formed outside the host,
at the tips of short branches which come out through the
host walls. In tubes of Sertularia, etc. Near Seal Harbor
(Collins).

RHODOMELACE^.

POLYSIPHONIA, Grev.

P. urceolata (Lightf. ), Grev.

Not uncommon in tide pools. Little Cranberry Isle; Seal
Harbor (Collins).

P. nigrescens (Dillw.), Grev.

One large plant floating at Bracy Cove (Collins).

P. fastigiata (Roth), Grev.

Common on Ascophyllum, all along the shore (Collins) ; —
Somes Sound (Holden),

* P. Olneyi, Harv.

A single specimen on Zostera floating in Somes Sound, in poor
condition, but in fruit and unmistakable. Specimen not pre-
served (Holden).

P. violacea (Roth), Grev.
Somes Sound (Holden).

RHODOMELA, Ag.
R. subfusca (Woodw.), Ag.
Sea Wall (Holden).

DELESSERIACE^.

DELESSERIA, Lamour.
D. sinuosa (Good. & Woodw.), Lamour.

Occasional in tide pools, and from deep water (Collins); —
Sea Wall (Holden).

232 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

D. alata (Huds.), Lamour.

A minute frond of this species on Ptilota pectinata (L. R,
Boggs).

RHODYMENIACE^.

RHODYMENIA, J. Ag.
R. palmata (L.), Grev. Dulse.

Common everywhere on the shore (Collins) ; — Sea Wall
(Holden).

RHODOPHYLLIDACEiE.

EUTHORA, J. Ag.

E. cristata (L.), J. Ag.

A minute frond of this species on Ptilota pectinata (L. R.
Boggs).

CYSTOCLONIUM, Kuetz.
C. purpurascens (Huds.), Kuetz.

Not uncommon. Little Cranberry Isle, and elsewhere (Collins).

GIGARTINACE^E.

AHNFELDTIA, Fries.
A. plicata (Huds.), Fries.

Rather common in tide pools (Collins); — SeaWall (Holden).

GIGARTINA, Lamour.

G. mamillosa (Good. & Woodw.), J. Ag.

Common near low-water mark (Collins) ; — Sea Wall (Holden).

CHONDRUS, Stack.
C. crispus (L.), Stack. Irish Moss.

Common nearly everywhere on the coa'^t of the Island (Collins).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 233

GELIDIACE^.

CHOREOCOLAX, Reinsch.

C. Polysiphonise, Reinsch.

This species forms wliitish spherical lumps not larger than a
pin's head, on the fronds of Polysiphonia, especially at the fork-
ings of the branches. The fronds consist of closely packed,
radiating filaments, near the ends of which are formed, in separate
individuals, the autheridia, the cystocarps, and the tetraspores.
The last, which are cruciately divided, are the commonest form
of fruit. Occasional. Seal Harbor, and elsewhere (Collins).

HELMINTHOCLADIACE^.

NEMALION, Dubj.
N. multifidum, Ag.
Sea Wall (Holden).

CHANTRANSIA, Fries. {Trentepohlia, Farlow's Manual, 108.)

C. virgatula (Harv.), Thuret. T. virgatula, Farlow's Manual,
109.
On Alaria, etc. Near Seal Harbor (Collins); — Sea Wall
(Holden).

C. Daviesii (Engl. Bot.), Thuret. T. Daviesii, Farlow's Man-
ual, 109.

On Rhodymenia, Bracy Cove (Collins).
*C. Hermanni (Roth), Kuetz.

On Tuomeya (Holden).

BATRACHOSPERMUM, Roth.
B. vagum, Ag.

Denning Brook (Holden) ; — Deer Brook, Jordan Pond ;
Sunken Heath Brook (Rand).

234 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

B. pyramidale, Sirdt.

Streamlet, Norwood Cove (Holden); — brook, High Head
meadow (Faxon & Rand).

LEMANEACE^.

TUOMEYA, Harv.

T. fluviatilis, Harv.

Outlet of Hadlock Lower Pond; Denning Brook (Holden).

LEMANEA, Bory.
L. fucina, Bor}-, var. rigida, Atkinson.
Hadlock Lower Pond, at outlet (Holden).

PORPHYRACEiE.

BANGIA, Lyngb.
B. fusco-purpurea (Dillw.), Lyngb.

On rocks. Near Seal Harbor (Collins) ; — east of Seal Harbor
(Holden).

PORPHYRA, Ag.
P. laciniata (Lightf.), Ag.

S^a Wall (Holden). A coarse and dull-colored form on rocks
between tide marks ; a smaller and brighter colored form on
Fucacese, etc. (Collins).

P. miniata, Ag.

A handsome species, differing from P. laciniata in having
two layers of cells instead of one in the greater part of the frond,
even in the vegetative condition. The fronds are more gelati-
nous and somewhat thicker, and adhere firmly to paper when
dried. It is a species of deeper water than P. laciniata, and
grows on other algae, rather than on rocks or woodwork. Float-
ing near Seal Harbor (Collins).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 235

Genera of Doubtful Affinity.

HILDENBRANDTIA, Nardo.

H. prototypus, Nardo. H. rosea, Farlow's Manual, 116.
Very common on rocks in tide pools, etc. (Collins).

HALOSACCION, Kuetz.
H. ramentaceum (L.), Ag.

Common in lower tide pools (Collins) ; — Sea Wall (Holden).

Subdivision IL PH.EOPHYCEJC.
FUCACE.E.

ASCOPHYLLUM, Stack. Rockweed.
A. nodosum (L.), Le Jolis.

Very common everywhere on the coast (Collins).

FUCUS, L. Rockweed.
P. filiformis, Gmelin.

In upper tide pools. Near Seal Harbor (Collins).
F. edentatus, De la Pyl. F. furcatus, Farlow's Manual, 102.

Near Life Saving Station, Little Cranberry Isle (Collins).
P. evanescens, Ag.

Common all along the shore (Collins).
F. vesiculosus, L.

Very common everywhere on the coast (Collins) ; — Somes
Sound (Holden). Occurring in uumerous forms, among them:

Var. laterifructus, Grev.

With the type (Collins).
P. platycarpus, Thuret.

Resembling F. edentatus, but with the branching somewhat
lateral, rather than regularly forked, the conceptacles shorter

236 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

and rounded, and margined with the unchanged membrane
of the frond. It grows nearer high-water mark than either
F. evanescens or F. edentatus. Somes Sound, on rocks near
high-water mark (Holden).

LAMINARIACEiE.

ALARIA, Grev.
A. esculenta (L.), Grev.

Rather common in tide pools and below (Collins) ; — Sea
Wall (Holden).

A. Pylaii (Borj^), J. Ag. A. esculenta, var. latifoUa, Far-
low's Manual, 97.
Rather common (Collins). Regarded as a distinct species by
most authors, and in its extreme forms quite different in appear-
ance from the preceding species.

AGARUM, Bory.

A. Turneri, Post. & Rupr.

Common near and below low-water mark (Collins); — Sea
Wail (Holden).

SACCORHIZA, De la Pyl.

S. dermatodea, De la Pyl.

Rather common in lower tide pools (Collins); — Sea Wall
(Holden).

LAMINARIA, Lamour. Devil's Apron.
L. saccharina (L.), Lamour.

Common in lower tide pools and below (Collins).

L. longicruris, De la P}'!.

Occasional. From deep water (Collins); — floating, Somes
Sound (Holden).

L. platymeris, De la Pyl.

Not uncommon. From deep water (Collins).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 237

L. digitata, Lamour.

Sea Wall (Holden).
Var. ensifolia, Le Jolis.

A rather small form, with numerous narrow linear segments,
and rather slender, rounded stipe; growing mostly in shallow
water. In tide pools, Little Cranberry Isle, and elsewhere
(Collins).

CHORDA, Stack.
C. filum (L.), Stack.

Rather common at Little Cranberry Isle (Collins).

RALFSIACE^.

RALFSIA, Berk.
R. clavata (Carm.), Crouan.

On woodwork and shells near Seal Harbor (Collins).
R. pusilla (Stroemf.), Holmes & Batters.

A minute plant, forming o. dark brown or black coating on
the filaments of Chaetomorpha; somewhat like li. clavata, but a
much smaller plant in all its jiarts ; the habitat quite distinct, —
H. pusilla growing only on algie, B. clavata on any hard life-
less substance indiscriminately. On Chcetomorpha Melagoniuvi,
Sea Wall (Holden V
R. verrucosa (Aresch.), J. Ag.

Common all along the shore (Collins).
R. deusta, J. Ag.

At and below low-water mark, near Seal Harbor (Collius) ; —
tide pool. Sea Wall (Holden).

CHORDARIACE^.

CHORDARIA, Ag.
C. flagelliformis (Fl. Dan.), Ag.

Common all along the shore (Collins) , — Somes Sound
(Holden).

238 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

LEATHESIA, S. F. Gray.

L. diflFormis (L.), Aresch.

Common iu lower tide pools, all along the shore (Collins); —
Sea Wall (Holden).

CASTAGNEA, Deri). & Sol.

C. virescens (Carm.), Thuret.

In tide pools. Near Life Saving Station, Little Cranberry
Isle; near Seal Harbor (Collins).

MYRIONEMA, Grev.

M. strangulans, Grev. M. vulgare, Farlow's Manual, 79.

On various algae. Little Cranberry Isle; near Seal Harbor
(Collins)

ELACHISTEACE^.

ELACHISTEA, Duby.

E. fucicola (Velley), Fries.

On Fucus. Very common all along the shore (Collins); —
Southwest Harbor (Holden).

E. lubrica, Rupr.

On Halosaccion and Ascophyllum. Near Seal Harbor (Col-
lins).

DESMARESTIACE^.

DESMARESTIA, Lamour.

D. aculeata (L.), Lamour.

From deep water. Little Cranberry Isle (Collins); — South-
west Harbor (Holden).

D. viridis (Fl. Dan.), Lamour.

From deep water. Little Cranberry Isle; Seal Harbor (Col-
lins).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 239

DTCTYOSIPHONACE^.

DICTYOSIPHON, Grev.

D. hippuroides (Lyngb.), Aresch.

Common. Little Cranberry Isle; near Seal Harbor, an J
elsewhere (Collins) ;—" Mt. Desert" (Holden).

D. fceniculaceus (Huds.), Grev.

Common with the last (Collins) ; — Southwest Harbor (Holden).

ENCGELIACEiE.

ASPEROCOCCUS, Lamour,
A. echinatus (Mert.), Grev.

On Fucace^e. Near Seal Harbor (Collins).

PHYLLITIS, Kuetz.
P. fascia (Fl. Dan.), Kuetz.

Common in tide pools along the shore (Collins); — Sea Wall
(Holden).

Var. caBspitosa (J. Ag.), Farlow.

With the type, hut not so common (Collins).

SCYTOSIPHON, Ag.
S. lomentarius (Lyngb.), J. Ag.

Very common everywhere on the coast (Collins).

PUNCTARIA. Grev.
P. latifolia, Grev.

Occasional at Seal Harbor (Collins).

DESMOTRICHUM, Kuetz.

Similar to Punctaria, but the frond consists of one row or a
few rows of cells; the plurilocular sporangia either immersed,
sessile, or on short stalks.

240 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

D. undulatum (J. Ag.), Reinke. Punctaria latifoUa, var.
Zosterce, Farlow's Manual, 64, at least in part.
On Zostera. Little Cranberry Isle (Collins) ; — Somes Sound
(Holden).

SPHACELARIACE^.

SPHACELARIA, Lyngb.

S. radicans (Dillw.), Ag.

Common on rocks near Seal Harbor (Collins).

ECTOCARPACE^.

ECTOCARPUS, Lyngb.

E. confervoides (Roth), Le Jolis.

Common on Chorda, Zostera, etc. Seal Harbor, and else-
where (Collins); — Southwest Harbor (Holden).

Var. siliculosus, Kjellm.

On Zostera. Little Cranberry Isle (Collins) ; — Southwest
Harbor (Holden).

E. fasciculatus, Harv.

Common on Rhodymenia, Laminaria, etc. Seal Harbor, and
elsewhere (Collins) ; — Sea Wall (Holden).

ASCOCYCLUS, Magnus.

Resembles Myrionema, but the sporangia terminate upright
filaments or their branches, instead of rising directly from the
basal layer.

A. orbicularis (J. Ag.), Magnus.

Basal stratum of one layer of cells, from which arise colorless
hairs, unicellular saccate paraphyses, and shortly stipitate
plurilocular sporangia, usually of a single series of cells. On
Zostera, Little Cranberry Isle (Collins).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 241

PYLAIELLA, Borj.

P, littoralis (L.), Kjellm. Ectocarpus littoralis, Farlow's Man-
ual, 73.

Common on Fucacese, etc. (Collins).

Var. robustus, Farlow.

Floating, near Seal Harbor (Collins).

Subdivision III. CHLOROPHYCEiE.

CONJUGATE.

SPIROGYRA, Link.

* S. majuscula, Kuetz.

In fresh water (Holden).

PROTOCOCCACEiE.

PROTOCOCCUS, Ag.

* P, viridis, Ag.

Shaded places ; rocks, trees, fences, etc. ; common. (Holden.)

VAUCHERIACE^.

VAUCHERIA, DC.

V. Thuretii, Woronin.

Very common in lagoon, Little Cranberry Isle (Collins); —
shore west of Bracy Cove, with Microcoleus, etc. (Holden).

V. litorea, Hoffm. Bang.

Rather common at Little Cranberrj' Isle (Collins).

16

242 FLORA OP xMOUNT DESERT.

VALONIACE^.

CODIOLUM, A. Br.
C. longipes, Foslie.

Fronds proportionally longer and slenderer than in typical
C. gregarium. Common on rocks near Seal Harbor (Collins) ;
— on rocks between tide marks, Sea Wall (Holden).

C. gregarium, A. Br.

A few plants of the typical form of this species have been
found mixed with C. longipes and with transitional forms. It
is doubtful whether the two species are distinct. If they are
not, C. gregarimn as a specific name has the priority. Seal
Harbor (Collins).

GOMONTIACE^.

GOMONTIA. Born. & Fl.

Fronds branching; individual cells transformed into large
round, oval, or clavate sporangia, which at length separate from
the frond, and develop zoospores and resting spores.

G. polyrhiza (Lagerh.), Born. & Fl.

Filaments .004-. 008 mm. diam. ; sporangia .03-.04 mm. diam.
Appears as a grass-green stain on dead shells. Seal Harbor
(Collins).

CONFERVACE^.

CLADOPHORA, Kuetz.

C. arcta (Dillw.), Kuetz.

Very common in tide pools (Collins) ; — Somes Sound (Holden).

Forma centralis.

Probably merely an older stage. Sea Wall (Holden).

C. lanosa (Roth), Kuetz.

In tide pools near Seal Harbor (Collins). Apparently not
very common.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 243

C. glaucescens (Griff.), Harv.

In tide pools, Little Cranberry Isle (Collins),
C. laetevirens (Dillw.), Harv.

Common in tide pools. Little Cranberry Islej near Seal
Harbor (Collins).

C. gracilis (Griff.), Kuetz.

In lower tide pools. Near Seal Harbor (Collins) ; — Somes
Sound (Holden).

G. expansa, Kuetz.

In upper tide pools, Seal Harbor; very common in lagoon,
Little Cranberry Isle (Collins) ; — Long Pond (Holden).

C. rupestris (L.), Kuetz.

On rocks in tide pools. Sea Wall (Holden).
C. flexuosa (Griff,), Harv.

Sea Wall (Holden).

RHIZOCLONIUM, Kuetz.

R. riparium (Eoth), Harv.

Very common all along the shore (Collins); — Norwood Cove
(Holden).

R. tortuosum, Kuetz.

Common in tide pools (Collins) ; — Sea Wall (Holden).

CH^TOMORPHA, Kuetz.

C. Picquotiana (Mont.), Kuetz.

From deep water. Seal Harbor (Collins).
C. Melagonium (Web. & Mohr), Kuetz.

Sea Wall (Holden). A form found on pebble in lagoon,
Little Cranberry Isle (Collins), probably belongs to this species,
though only about half the usual diameter.

244 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

BULBOCOLEON, Prings.

B. piliferum, Prings.

In fronds of Castar/nea virescens from tide pools, Seal Har-
bor (Collins).

ULOTHRIX, Kuetz.

U. flacca (Dillw.), Thuret.

On piles of wharves and on rocks. Seal Harbor; Southwest
Harbor (Collins).

U. isogona (Sm.), Thuret.

On stones near Life Saving Station, Little Cranberry Isle
(Collins).

* U. zonata, Kuetz.

In fresh water (Holdeu).

CONFERVA, Link.

* C. affinis, Kuetz.

In fresh water (Holden).

ULVACE^.

TETRANEMA, Aresch.

Frond consisting at first of a single series of cells, subse-
quently of two (or four?) series arranged symmetrically.

T. percursum (Ag.), Aresch.

Forming light green or yellowish masses in warm upper
pools, usually mixed with various species of Enteromorpha,
Cladophora, etc. The frond consists at first of a single con-
ferva-like filament, which soon divides into two series of cells,
set side by side, the cells, usually a little longer than broad,
being set symmetrically, the cross walls exactly opposite. The
filaments are unbranched, usuall}"- .01 to .016 mm. diam. In
upper tide pools. Near Seal Harbor (Collins).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 245

CAPSOSIPHON, Gobi.

Frond tubular, formed of longitudinally arranged gelatinous
cells, wbicli divide in two directions, the walls of the mother
cells persistent for a time, as in Glffiocapsa.

C. aureolus (Ag.), Gobi.

Resembles a slender unbranched Enteromorpha, but the cells
look like Gloeocapsa, being rounded, dividing by twos or fours,
the mother cell-wall showing somewhat after the division.
The longitudinal arrangement of cells is very distinct in the
filament, a little pressure on the cover glass under the micro-
scope often dividing the frond for quite a distance up and
down. This species seems to prefer localities where it is
exposed alternately to fresh and to salt water. Common on
stones in brook flowing from Long Fond through the beach
(Collins).

ENTEROMORPHA, Link.

E. Linza (L.), J. Ag. Ulva entei'omorpha, var. lanceolata,
Farlow's Manual, 43.
Very common all along the shore (Collins).

E. intestinalis (L.), Link. Uloa enteromorpha, var. intesti-
nalis, Farlow's Manual, 43.
Very common along the shore (Collins) ; — Norwood Cove
(Holden).

E. micrococca, Kuetz.

Resembles E. intestinalis, but is a smaller plant every way,
rarely if ever an inch in length. The cells are very small,
.004-.005 mm. diameter. It usually grows in dense masses
on cliffs between tideniarlvS, in places always wet hy streams
from above or by dripping water. Cliff near Seal Harbor
(Collins).

E. compressa (L.), Grev. Ulva enteromorpha, var. compressa,
Farlow's Manual, 43.
Common along the shore (Collins).

246 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

E. clathrata (Rotli), J. Ag. Ulva clathrata, Earlow's Man-
ual, 44.

In tide pools (Collins); — Somes Sound (Holden).
E erecta (Lyngb.), J. Ag.

Resembles E. clathrata, but the cells have more compact and
opaque contents, and are less regularlj-^ arranged in series.
The smaller branches seem articulate, not conferva-like, as. in
E. JlopJdrkii, but after the manner of a Polysiphonia, several
cells side by side of the same height. Shore, Little Cranberry
Isle (Collins).

E. Hopkirkii, McCalla. Ulva Hopkirkii, Parlow's Manual, 44.
In tide pools, on Cladophora glaiicescens, Little Cranberry
Isle (Collins).

MONOSTROMA, Thuret.
*M. Blyttii (Aresch.), Wittr.
Seal Harbor (Elisa W. Redfield).

ULVA, L. Sea Lettuce.
U. lactuca (L.), Le Jolis.

Occurring in two forms.
Var. rigida (Ag.), Le Jolis.

Common in tide pools and below (Collins).
Var. lactuca, Le Jolis.

Common with the last (Collins).

SnBDivisioN IV. SCHIZOPHYCE^,
HORMOGONE^.

CALOTHRIX, Ag.
C. scopulomm (Web. & Mohr), Ag.

Very common on rocks. Seal Harbor; Little Cranberry Isle
(Collins); — Sea Wall (Holden).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 247

C. pulvinata (Mert,), Ag.

On piles of bridge, outlet of Long Pond (Collins). Kare; the
most northern station for this species yet reported.

RIVULARIA, Roth.
R. atra, Eoth.

Common in upper tide pools (Collins); — Sea Wall (Holden).
R. nitida, Ag. M. plicata, Farlow's Manual, 38.

On woodwork; rare (Collins).

MASTIGOCOLEUS, Lagerh.

Trichoma of a single series of cells, blue-green or yellowish,
.006-.01 mm. diam., branching, the branches sometimes of uni-
form diameter, sometimes tapering to a fine hair. Heterocysts
terminal or lateral ; spores unknown. Appears as a blue-green
stain on the surface of the shell.

M. testarum, Lagerh.

Growing in the substance of dead shells, in company with
Hyella ccespitosa, etc. Seal Harbor (Collins). The only species
of the genus.

STIGONEMA, Ag.
S. mamillosum, Ag.

On rocks in outlet of Hadlock Lower Pond (Holden).

MICROCOLEUS, Desmaz.

M. chthonoplastes (PI. Dan.), Thuret.

Very common in lagoon. Little Cranberry Isle (Collins);' —
shore west of Bracy Cove (Holden).

LYNGBYA, Ag.
L. sestuarii (Juerg.), Liebm.

Very common in lagoon. Little Cranberry Isle ; occasional
near Seal Harbor (Collins).

248 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

L. semi-plena (Ag.), J. Ag.

Filaments .006-.012 mm. diam., sheath usually thin and deli-
cate; articulations ^-J as long as broad; color of stratum dark
green to olive-yellow. Not common. Shore near Seal Harbor
(Collins).

L. lutea, Gomont. L. tenerrima, Farlow's Manual, 35.
Near outlet of Long Pond, among Calothrix, etc. (Collins).

PHORMIDIUM, Kuetz.

Similar to Oscillatoria, but the filaments are included in a
general mucilaginous layer.

P. fragile, Gomont.

Trichomes bright green, somewhat flexuous, moniliform, at-
tenuate at the apex, cells subquadrate, .0012-. 0023 mm. diam.
Forming a dull green gelatinous stratum on woodwork. Near
Seal Harbor (Collins).

OSCILLATORIA, Vauch.

0. subuliformis, Kuetz.?

On rocks near Seal Harbor (Collins). A plant agreeing with
the description of Oscillaria subidiformis, Harv., in Farlow's
Manual, 33. According to Gomont, it is doubtful if Harvey's
plant is the same as Kuetzing's, so that all that can be said in
this case is that the plant agrees with Farlow's description.

* 0. limosa, Ag.

In fresh water (Holden).

* 0. amphibia, Ag.

In fresh water (Holden).

SPIRULINA, Turpin.

S. subsalsa, Oersted. S. tenuissiina, Farlow's Manual, 31.
On rocks on shore near Seal Harbor (Collins).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 249

CHROOCOCCACE^.

CHROOCOCCUS, Kaeg.

C. turgidus, Naeg.

Common among various algae in lagoon, Little Cranberry Isle
(Collins).

GL(EOCAPSA, Kuetz.
G. crepidinum, Thuret.

Common on rocks, etc., near high-water mark (Collins).

POLYCYSTIS, Kuetz.
P. elabens, Kuetz.

Among small algae, Seal Harbor (Collins).
P. pallida (Kuetz,), Farlow.

Among small algoe, Seal Harbor (Collins).

CHAM^SIPHONACE^.

DERMOCARPA, Crouan.

D. prasina (Reinsch), Born. Sphcenos'iplion smaragdinus, Far-

low's Manual, 61.
On Polysiphonia fastigiata. Near Seal Harbor (Collins).

HYELLA, Born. & Fl.

Filaments .004-.012 mm. diam., forming a horizontal net-like
layer, from which arise vertical filaments. Cells not close to-
gether, as in Lyngbya, often Chroococcus-like. Forms grayish
stains on shells.

H. csespitosa, Born. & Fl.

The only species of the genus. Growing in the substance of
dead .shells, in company with Mastigocoleus testarum, etc. Seal
Harbor (Collins).

250 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

Division III. LICHENES.

List contributed by Dr. John W. Eckfeldt, and based on col-
lections made by him, by Miss Mary L. Wilson, and by others.
Plants determined by Dr. Eckfeldt, Miss Wilson, and Miss Clara
E. Cummings. As all collections have hitherto been made either
within a short period of time, or under adverse circumstances,
doubtless a more thorough examination of the Island would
extend the list very greatly. In the case of Dr. Eckfeldt's
collections the names of the special stations have in most cases
unfortunately been lost.

Tribe I. PARMELIACEI.
USNEEI.

RAMALINA, Ach.

R. calicaris (L.), Fries.

On trees. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson).

* Var. fraxinea, Fries.

(Eckfeldt.)
Var. fastigiata, Fries.

Seal Harbor (Wilson).
Var. canaliculata, Fries.

(Eckfeldt); — on fir trees, Seal Harbor (Wilson).

Var. farinacea, Schaer.

(Eckfeldt); — Seal Harbor (Wilson).

* R. intermedia, Delis.

Thallus flat, attenuated and mostly divided, the margins fre-
quently sorediate. Apothecia pale yellow, terminal, subtended
by the elongated forked extremity of the lacinia. On shrubs and
branches (Eckfeldt). Frequently mistaken for the preceding
variety.

R. pnsilla, Prev.

On apple trees. Seal Harbor (Wilson).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 251

* R. pollinaria, Ach.

Small and imperfect specimen, but distinct (Eckfeldt).

* R. polymorpha, Ach.

On rocks in small patches (Eckfeldt).

CETRARIA, Ach.

C. aculeata (Schreb.), Fries.

Green Mt. (Wilson, T. G. White) ;— Browns Mt. (Rand).

* C. Islandica (L.), Ach.

On the ground. (Eckfeldt.)
*Var. DelissBi (Bor.), Nyl.

(Eckfeldt.)
C. cucuUata (Bell), Ach.

On the ground. (Eckfeldt.)
C. nivalis (L.), Ach.

On the ground. (Eckfeldt.)
C. aleurites (Ach.), Th. Fries.

Generally sterile. On trees and dead wood (Eckfeldt); — on
fence rails, Seal Harbor (Wilson).

C. Fahlunensis (L.), Schaer.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson).

C. ciliaris, Ach.

On trees and fence rails. (Eckfeldt); — Seal Harbor (Wil-
son);— Somesville (E. Faxon).

C. lacunosa, Ach.

On trees. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson).

* Var. stenophylla, Tuck.

(Eckfeldt.)
C. glauca (L.), Ach.

On trees and rocks. (Eckfeldt); — Seal Harbor (Wilson,
Redfield).

-o^ FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

C- Oakesiana, Tuck.

On trees and rocks. (Eckf eldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson).

* C. aurescens, Tuck.

On old fences. Kot common (Eckf eldt).

* C. juniperina (L.), Ach.

On trees. (Eckfeldt.)
Var. terrestris, Schaer.

On the ground. (Eckfeldt.)
Var. Pinastri, Ach.

On trees. (Eckfeldt); — Seal Harbor (Wilson).

EVERNIA, Acb.

* E. vulpina (L.), Acb.

On trees and fence rails. Sparingly found in a degenerate
condition (Eckfeldt).

*E. furfuracea (L.), Mann.

On trees. (Eckfeldt.)
Var. Cladonia, Tuck.

Seal Harbor (Eckfeldt).
E. Prunastri (L.), Acb.

On trees. Seal Harbor (Eckfeldt, Wilson).

USNEA, Acb.
U. barbata (L.), Fries.

On old trees. Common (Eckfeldt, Redfield, Eand).
Var. florida, Fries.

On trees. Seal Harbor (Wilson) ; — (Eckfeldt).

* Var. hirta, Fries.

On branches of trees. (Eckfeldt.)

* Var. rubiginea, Mx.

On branches, mingled with var. hirta (Eckfeldt).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 253

Var. ceratina, Scliaer.

On branclies of trees. (Eckfeldt.)

Var. dasypoga, Fries.
Seal Harbor (Wilson).

Var. plicata, Fries,

On trees. (Eckfeldt, Wilson, Redfield.)
TJ. trichodea, Ach.

On trees. Southwest Harbor (Eckfeldt).

ALECTORIA, Acb.
A. jubata, L.

On old fence rails and trees. (Eckfeldt) ; — Sunken Heatli
(Rand).

* Var. bicolor, Fries.

On rails and branches. (Eckfeldt.)

Var. chalybeiformis, Ach.

(Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson).

Var. implexa, Fries.

On fir trees. Northeast Harbor (Wilson) ; — Great Cranberry
Isle (Rand).

A. ochroleuca (Ehrh.), Nyl.

On branches of trees. (Eckfeldt.)

* Var. rigida, Fries.

On the ground. Seal Harbor (Eckfeldt).
*Var. osteina, Nyl.

(Eckfeldt.)
Var. nigricans, Ach.

On the ground. (Eckfeldt.)

* Var. sarmentosa, Nyl.

More common than the preceding (Eckfeldt).

254: FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

PARMELIEI.

THELOSCHISTES, Korm.

* T. chrysophthalmus (L.), Norm.

On shrubs. (Eckfeldt.)
T. parietinus (L.), Norm.

On rocks. Eastern coast (Eckfeldt, Wilson, Eedfield). On
dead trees. Somesville (Kand).

T. polycarpus, Ehrh.

On trees and dead wood. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor
(Wilson).

T. lyclineus, Nyl.

On trees and rocks. (Eckfeldt); — Seal Harbor (Wilson).

* T. concolor, Dicks.

On rough barks. (Eckfeldt.)

PARMELIA, Ach.
P. perlata (L.), Ach.

(Eckfeldt); — Seal Harbor (Wilson).

* P. perforata (Jacq.), Ach.

On tree trunks. (Eckfeldt.)

* P. cetrata, Ach.

On rocks. Seal Harbor (Eckfeldt).
P. crinita, Ach.

On rocks. Seal Harbor (Wilson).
P. aurulenta, Tuck.

On tree trunks and rocks. (Eckfeldt.)
P. tiliacea (Hoffm.), Floerke.

On trees and stones. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson).
P. Borreri, Turn.

On rocks and trees. Seal Harbor (Wilson).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. -oo

* Var. rudecta, Tuck.

More frequeotly seen on tree trunks (Eckfeldt).

P. saxatilis (L.), Fries.

On rocks and trees. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson, Eed-
field).

Var. sulcata, Nyl.

Seal Harbor (Eckfeldt).

Var. omphalodes, Fries.

On rocks. Seal Harbor (Wilson, Eckfeldt).

P. physodes (L.), Acb.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson).
*Var. obscurata, Acb.

On rocks. Seal Harbor (Eckfeldt).

* Var. vittata, Acb.

On trees. Infertile (Eckfeldt).
*P. encausta (Sm.), iNyl.
On rocks. (Eckfeldt.)

P. pertusa (Scbrk.), Schaer.

On trees and rocks. (Eckfeldt); — Seal Harbor (Wilson).
P. colpodes (Acb.), Nyl.

On tree trunks. (Eckfeldt, Wilson.)

P. olivacea (L.), Acb.

On trees. (Eckfeldt); — Seal Harbor (Wilson); — Soutbwest
Harbor (M. L. Fernald).

* Var. aspidota, Acb.

(Eckfeldt.)
Var. sorediata (Acb.), Nyl.

On rocks. Seal Harbor (Wilson).
P. stygia (L.), Acb.

On rocks. Seal Harbor (Wilson).

256 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

* P. lanata (L.), Wallr.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt.)
P. caperata (L.), Acli.

On trees and decorticated wood. (Eckfeldt, Wilson.)
P. conspersa (Ebrh.), Acli.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (AVilson).
P. centrifuga (L. ), Ach.

On rocks. Seal Harbor (Wilson);— <<Mt. Desert" (Tucker-
man).

P. incurva (Pers.), Fries.

On rocks. " Mt. Desert " (Tuckerman) ; — Seal Harbor
(Wilson).

P. ambigua (Wulf.), Acb.

On dead wood, etc. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson).

* Var. albescens, Walil.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt.)

PHYSCIA, DC.

P. speciosa (Wulf.), Nyl.

On shaded rocks. Seal Harbor (Wilson).

*P. hypoleuca (Muhl.), Tuck.

On trees. (Eckfeldt.)
*P. aquila (Ach.), Nyl., var. detonsa, Tuck.

On rocks, etc. (Eckfeldt.)

*P. pulverulenta (Schreb.), ISTyl., var. leucoleiptes, Tuck.

(Eckfeldt.)
P. stellaris, L.

On trees and rocks. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson).

* P. astroidea (Pries), Nyl.

On trees. (Eckfeldt.)

*P. tribacia (Ach.), Tuck.

On old tree trunks. (Eckfeldt, Wil§on.)

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 257

P. hispida (Schreb.), Tuck.

On trees. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson).
P. cassia (Hoffm.), Nyl.

On rocks. Seal Harbor (Wilson).
P. obscura (Ehrb.), ISTyl.

On trees, etc. Seal Harbor (Wilson).

* Var. endochrysea, Nyl.

At the base of trees (Eckfeldt).
P. adglutinata (Floerke), Nyl., var. pyrithrocardia, Mueller.
On trees. Seal Harbor (Wilson).

PYXINE, Fries.
P. sorediata, Fries.

On rocks. Seal Harbor (Wilson).

UMBILICARIEI.

UMBILICARIA, Hoffm.

* U. cylindrica (L.), Delis.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt.)
U. polyphylla (L.), Hoffm.

On rocks. ''Mt. Desert" (Tuckerman, Eckfeldt) ; — Seal
Harbor (Wilson).

U. flocculosa, Hoffm.

On rocks. '<Mt. Desert" (Tuckerman) ; — Seal Harbor
(Wilson).

U. Muhlenbergii (Ach.), Tuck.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Eedfield).

* U, hirsuta (Acb.), Stenh.
On rocks. (Eckfeldt.)

* U. vellea (L.), Nyl.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt.)

17

258 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

U. Dillenii, Tuck.

On rocks. Seal Harbor (Redfield).
U. pustulata (L.), Hoffm., var. papulosa, Tuck.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson) ; — Browns
Mt. (Rand).

PELTIGEREI.

STICTA, Scbreb.

S. amplissima (Scop.), Mass.

On trees and rocks. (Eckfeldt, Wilson, Redfield.)
S. pulmonaria (L.), Acb.

On trees and rocks. (Eckfeldt, Wilson) ; — Jordan Pond trail.
Seal Harbor (Redfield).
S. fuliginosa (Dicks.), Acb.

On rocks. Woods, Seal Harbor (T. G. White).
S. crocata (L.), Acb.

On trees and rocks. Seal Harbor (Wilson, Redfield) ; —
Beecb Mt. (E. Eaxon).

S. scrobiculata (Scop.), Acb.

On trees and rocks. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson,
Redfield); —Beech Cliff (E. Faxon).

NEPHROMA, Acb.

* N. arcticum (L.), Fries.
On the ground (Eckfeldt).

N. tomentosum (Hoffm.), Koerber.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson, Redfield).
N. Helveticum, Acb.

On rocks. Seal Harbor (Wilson).

* N. laevigatum, Acb.

(Eckfeldt.)

Var. parile, Nyl.

On trees and rocks. Seal Harbor (Wilson).

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 259

PELTIGERA, Willd.
*P venosa (L.), Hoffm.

On the ground. (Eckfeldt.)
P. aphthosa (L.), Hoffm.

On the ground and on rocks. (Eckfeldt) ; — Hadlock Valley;
Browns Mt. Notch (Eedfield) ; — Cold Brook (Rand) ; — South-
west Harbor (M. L. Fernald).

P. horizontalis (L.), Hoffm.

On the ground and on trees. (Eckfeldt, Wilson) ; — Beech
Cliff (E. Faxon) ; — Sutton Island (Eedfield) ; — Southwest
Harbor (M. L. Fernald).

P. polydactyla (Neck.), Hoffm.

On the ground. (Eckfeldt) ;— Sutton Island (Eedfield); —
Somesville; Northwest Arm woods (Rand).

P. rufescens (Neck.), Hoffm.

On rocks, etc. (Eckfeldt); — Seal Harbor (Wilson).
P. canina (L.), Hoffm.

On the ground, etc. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Eedfield).

* Var. spongiosa, Tuck.

(Wilson.)

* Var. membranacea (Ach.), Nyl.
On moss (Eckfeldt).

SOLORINA. Ach.

* S. saccata (L.), Ach.

On the ground. (Eckfeldt.)

PANNARIEI.

HEPPIA, Naeg.

* H. Despreauxii (Mont.), Tuck.

On the earth. Southwest Harbor (Eckfeldt).

260 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

PANNARIA, Delis.
P. lanuginosa (Ach.), Koerber.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt) ; — caves, Barr Hill (Redfield).

* P. hypnorum (Hoffm.), Koerber.

On tree trunks and on tlie earth. (Eckfeldt.)

* P. granatina, Sommerf.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt. )
P. rubiginosa (Thunb.), Delis.

On rocks. Seal Harbor (Wilson).
P. leucosticta, Tuck.

On rocks among dead moss (Eckfeldt).
P. brunnea (Swz.), Mass.

On the ground. Crystal Cove, High Head (Kand).

P. plumbea (Lightf.), Delis.

On old oak. Newport Mt. (Tuckerman). On rocks. (Wilson,
Eckfeldt.)

P. nigra (Huds.), Nyl.
On rocks. (Eckfeldt.)

COLLEMEI.

OMPHALARIA, Dur. & Mont.
0. phyllisca (Wahl.), Tuck.

Frequent upon rocks. Seal Harbor (Wilson).

COLLEMA, Hoffm.
C. leptalenm. Tuck.

On tree trunks. Seal Harbor (Wilson).
C. flaccidum, Ach.

On old trees and stumps. Seal Harbor (Wilson) ; — Stanley
Brook (Eedfield).

C. nigrescens (Huds.), Ach.
On tree trunks. (Eckfeldt.)

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 261

LEPTOGIUM, Fries.

L. pulchellum (Ach.), Njl.

On tree trunks, etc. (Eckfeldt.)
L. tremelloides (L. f.), Fries.

On rocks and tree trunks. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wil-
son); —Beech Cliff (E. Faxon).

* L. chloromelum (Swz.), Nyl.
On old tree trunks. (Eckfeldt.)

LECANOREI.

PLACODIUM, DC.

P. elegans (Link), DC.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (T. G. White).

* P. murorum (Hoffm.), DC.
On rocks. (Eckfeldt.)

* P. cinnabarinum (Ach.), Anz.
On rocks. (Eckfeldt.)

* P. citrinum (Hoffm.), Leight.
On old mortar. (Eckfeldt.)

P. aurantiacum (Lightf. ), Naeg. & Hepp.

On trees, dead wood, etc. (Eckfeldt) ;— Seal Harbor (Kedfield).

* P. cerinum (Hedw.), ISTaeg. & Hepp.
On trees, etc. (Eckfeldt, Wilson.)

Var. pyracea, Nyl.
(Eckfeldt.)

* P. ferrugineum (Huds.), Hepp, var. discolor, Willey.

On oak trees. " Mt. Desert" (Tuckerman).

* P. camptidium, Tuck.

On smooth tree trunks. Southwest Harbor (Eckfeldt).
P. vitellinum (Ehrh.), Naeg. & Hepp.
On dead wood. Seal Harbor (Wilson),

262 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

LECANORA, Ach.

» L. rubina (Vill.), Ach.
On rocks. (Eckfeldt.)

L. muralis (Schreb.), Schaer.
On rocks. (Eckfeldt, Wilson.)

L. pallida (Sclireb.), Schaer.

On trees. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson).

* Var. cancriformis, Tuck.
On tree trunks. (Eckfeldt.)

Var. angulosa, Hoffm.

On trees. Seal Harbor (Wilson).

* L. sordida (Pers.), Th. Eries.
On rocks. (Eckfeldt.)

L. subfusca (L.), Ach.

On rocks and wood. (Eckfeldt, Wilson, Eedfield.)

* Var. allophana, Ach.

(Eckfeldt.)

* Var. distans, Ach.
(Eckfeldt.)

* L. Hageni, Ach.

On old rails and houses. (Eckfeldt.)

L. varia (Ehrh.), ISTyl.

On bark, stones, etc. (Eckfeldt); — Seal Harbor (Wilson).

Var. polytropa, Nyl.

On wood. Jordan Pond (Wilson).

* Var. saepincola, Fries.

On dead wood. (Eckfeldt. )

* L. ventosa (L.), Ach.
On rocks. (Eckfeldt.)

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 263

L. elatina, Ach., var. ochrophsea, Tuck.

On "bark and dead wood. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson).
L. pallescens (L.), Schaer.

On bark, etc. Barr Hill (Wilson).

* Var. rosella, Tuck.

Southwest Harbor (Eckfeldt).

* L. tartarea (L.), Ach.

On the earth. (Eckfeldt.)

* Var. frigida, Ach. Var. telephoroides, Th. Fries.

Thallus thin, whitish or cream-colored, papillose, ramulose
becoming spinulose; sterile. On decayed grass and moss.
(Eckfeldt.)

* L. verrucosa (Ach.), Laur.
On earth, etc. (Eckfeldt.)

L. cinerea (L.), Sommerf.

On rocks. Seal Harbor (Wilson).

* L. molybdina (Wahl.), Ach., var. microcyclos, Wahl.
On rocks. ''Mt. Desert" (Tuckerman).

* L. glaucocarpa (Wahl.), Ach.
On rocks. (Eckfeldt.)

*L. fuscata (Schrad.), Th. Fries, var. rufescens, Th. Fries.
On rocks. (Eckfeldt.)

* L. privigna (Ach.), Nyl.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt.)

RINODINA, Mass.

* R. oreina (Ach.), Mass.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt, Wilson.)

* R. sophodes (Ach.), Xyl.

(Eckfeldt.)

264 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

* Var. confragosa, Nyl.
On rocks. (Eckfeldt.)

*R. constans (Nyl.)j Tuck.
On old trees. (Eckfeldt.)

PERTUSARIA, DC.

P. velata (Turn.), Nyl.

On trees and rocks. (Eckfeldt); — Seal Harbor (Redfield).

* P. leioplaca (Ach. ), Schaer.

On trees and rocks. (Eckfeldt.)

* P. pustulata (Ach.), Nyl.

On trees. (Eckfeldt.)

CONOTREMA, Tuck.

C. urceolatum (Ach.), Tuck.

On trees. Seal Harbor (Wilson).

GYALECTA, Ach.

* G. lutea (Dicks.), Tuck.

On bark of trees. (Eckfeldt.)

* 6. Pineti (Schrad.), Tuck.

On bark of trees. (Eckfeldt.)

URCEOLARIA, Ach.

* U. scruposa (L.), Xyl.

On rocks and earth. (Eckfeldt.)

THELOTREMA, Ach.

* T. lepadinum, Ach.

On tree trunks. (Eckfeldt.)

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 265

Tribe TI. LBCIDEACEI.

CLADONIEI.

STEREOCAULON, Schreb.

S. coralloides, Fries.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt); — Seal Harbor (Wilson).

S. paschale (L.), Fries.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson).

S. tomentosum (Fries), Th. Fries.

On ground. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson) ; — Southwest
Harbor (M. L. Fernald).

* S. condensatum, Hoffm.

On eartb. (Eckfeldt.)

* S. pileatum, Ach.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt.)

PILOPHORUS, Th. Fries.

* P. cereolus, Ach., var. Fibula, Tuck.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt.)

CLADONIA, Hoffm.
C. alcicornis (Lightf.), Floerke.

On the earth. Seal Harbor (Wilson).

* C. decorticata, Floerke.

On the earth. (Eckfeldt.)
C. pyxidata (L.), Fries.

On the earth. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Redfield).
C. fimbriata (L.), Fries.

On the earth and rotten logs. (Eckfeldt, Wilson.)
Var. tubaeformis, Fries.

On rotten logs. Seal Harbor (Redfield).

266 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

* Var. radiata, Fries.

On the earth. Seal Harbor (Wilson).
C. gracilis (L.), ]Kyl.

On the earth. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson).

* Var. verticillata, Fries.

On the earth. (Eckfeldt.)
Var. h.ybrida, Schaer.

On the earth. Seal Harbor (Wilson).
Var. elongata, Fries.

On the earth. (Eckfeldt) ; — Little Cranberrj' Isle (Redfield).
Forma macroceras, Tuck., of this variety is also found (Eck-
feldt).

C, turgida (Ehrh.), Hoffm.

On the earth. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson).
C. papillaria (Ehrh.), Hoffm.

On the earth, (Eckfeldt) ; — Barr Hill (Wilson).

C. cenotea (Ach.), Schaer.

On rotten logs and on the earth. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor
(Wilson, Eedfield).
C. squamosa, Hoffm.

On the earth, etc. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson, Eed-
field).
C. cssspiticia (Pers.), Floerke.

On rocks and on the ground. Seal Harbor (Wilson).

* C. furcata (Huds.), Fries.

On the earth. (Eckfeldt, Wilson.)
Var. crispata, Floerke.

On the earth. Seal Harbor (Wilson).
Var. racemosa, Floerke.

On the earth. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson, Eedfield).

* Var. subulata, Floerke.

On the earth. (AVilson.)

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 267

C. rangiferina (L.), Hoffm.

Common on the earth, etc. (Eckfeldt, Wilson, Redfield.)

Var. sylvatica, L.

On rocks and earth. Seal Harbor (Wilson, Redfield).

Yar. alpestris, L.

On the earth. (Wilson, Redfield.)

C. uncialis (L.), Fries.

On the earth. (Eckfeldt, Redfield.)
C. Boryi, Tuck.

On the earth. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson, Redfield).

C. coccifera (L.), Willd. C cornucopioldes (L.), Fries.
On the earth; common. (Eckfeldt, Wilson.)

* Var. oclirocarpia, Floerke.

(Eckfeldt.)
C. deformis (L.), Hoffm.

On the earth. (Eckfeldt, Redfield.)
C. digitata (L.), Hoffm.

On rotten wood and on the earth. (Eckfeldt, Wilson.)

C. macilenta (Ehrh.), Hoffm.

On the earth, etc. (Eckfeldt); — Seal Harbor (Redfield).

* C. pulchella, Schwein.

On old logs. (Eckfeldt.)

C. cristatella, Tuck.

On the earth, etc. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson, Red-
field).

LECIDEEI.

B^OMYCES, Pars.

* B. byssoides (L.), Schaer.

On clay soil. (Eckfeldt.)

268 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

B. roseus, Pers.

On ground; common. (Eckfeldt, Wilson, E. Faxon, Eand,
Redfield.)

B. asruginosus (Scop.), DC.

On dead wood. (Eckfeldt, T. G. White.)

BIATORA, Fries.

* B. rufo-nigra, Tuck.
On rocks. (Eckfeldt.)

* B. ostreata (Hoffm.), Fries.

On carbonized pine wood. '' Mt. Desert " (Willey).

* B. coarctata (Sm.), Nyl.
On rocks. (Eckfeldt.)

B. granulosa (Ehrh.), Poetsch.

On the earth, etc. Seal Harbor (Wilson).

* B. parvifolia (Pers.), Tuck.
On trees. (Eckfeldt.)

* B. russula (Ach.), Mont.
On tree trunks. (Eckfeldt.)

* B. cinnabarina (Sommerf, ), Fries.
On tree trunks. (Eckfeldt.)

* B. sanguineo-atra (Fries), Tuck.
On the earth, etc. (Eckfeldt.)

* B. varians, Ach.

On bark and dead wood. (Eckfeldt.)

* B. Laureri, Hepp.

On trees. (Eckfeldt.)

* B. hypnophila, Turn.

On mosses, etc. (Eckfeldt.)

* B. rubella (Ehrh.), Eab.
On bark. (Eckfeldt.)

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. -69

* B. fusco-rubella, Hoffm.
On trees. (Eckfeldt.)

* B. sufFusa, Fries.

On trees. (Eckfeldt.)

HETEROTHECIUM, Flot.

H. sanguinarium (L.), Flot.

On tree trunks. Northwest Arm woods (Rand).
H. pezizoideum (Ach.), Flot.

On bark. Seal Harbor (Wilson).

LECIDEA, Ach.

* L. contigua, Fries.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt.)
L. albocoerulescens (Wulf.), Schaer.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson).
L. enteroleuca, Fries.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt, Wilson.)
L. melancheima, Tuck.

On fence rails. Seal Harbor (Wilson).

BUELLIA, De Not.

* B. albo-atra (Hoffm.), Th. Fries.
On trees and rocks. (Eckfeldt.)

* B. parasema (Ach.), Th. Fries.

On trees and dead wood. (Eckfeldt.)
*" B. myriocarpa (DC), Mudd.
On dead wood. (Eckfeldt.)

* B. colludens, Nyl.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt.)

270 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

B. petraea (Flot.), Tuck.

On rocks. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor (Wilson).
B. geographica (L.), Tuck.

On rocks. Seal Harbor (Wilson).

Tribe III. GRAPHIDACEI.
OPEGRAPHEI.

OPEGRAPHA, Humb.*

* 0. demissa, Tuck.

On smooth bark. (Eckfeldt.)

* 0. viridis (Pers.), Nyl.

Thallus light ochrous yellow, very thin, mostlj'^ scurfy or
slightly tartareous, rimose, constricted. Apothecia short, innate,
from round to elongate and linear, mostly curved and undivided
with the margin incurved. Spores in thekes 8, hyaline, fusi-
form to acicular, 11 to 13-locular, '1^/,'^q^, mic. " Mt. Desert "
(Eckfeldt).

XYLOGRAPHA, Fries.

* X. disseminata, Willey.

On dead wood. " Mt. Desert " (Willey).
2. Opegraphella, Nyl.

On old fence rails. Seal Harbor (Wilson).

GR APHIS, Ach.
G. scripta (L.), Ach.

Thallus grayish white, very thin, membranaceous, tartareous
even, and frequently rugose. Apothecia slender, immersed,
waving, margins narrow and elevated. Spores hyaline, elon-
gated, and cylindrical, 8-10-septate, '"plfg " ^^ mic. Seal Harbor
(Wilson, Eckfeldt).

* For description of genus, see Tuck., Syn. N. A. Lichens, part i., 11.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 271

Yar, serpentina, Acli.

Thallus ash-colored, tartareous, thicker than that of the
preceding species, pulverulent, fissured, clearly determinate.
Apothecia crowded, sunken, much elongated, simple or branched.
Spores similar to preceding. On trees. Southwest Harbor (M.
L. Fernald).

* G. dendritica, Ach.

Thallus cream-colored to a yellowish ash color, thin, tartareous,
mealy. Apothecia brownish black, immersed, divided in branch-
like clusters or pedate divisions. Spores long, linear, 6-8-sep-
tate, -^1^ mic. Seal Harbor (Eckfeldt).

ARTHONIEI.

ARTHONIA, Ach.*

* A. punctiformis, Ach.

Thallus whitish, quite distinct or fading to a mere film.
Apothecia very small, roundish or irregularly elongated, be-
coming variable in shape, often stellate. Spores long, ovoid,
mostly 4-locular, "^^^"^^3 mic. On tree barks. Southwest Har-
bor (Eckfeldt).

* A. astroidea, Ach.

Thallus pale ash-colored, opaque, finally almost wanting, but
differing in color from the substrata, marginate with a waving
terminal darkening line. Apothecia diverse, mostly stellate,
slightly elevated, convex, pallid internally. Spores ovoid to
elongated, 4-locular, ^3^1,07 ™ic. On tree barks. Southwest
Harbor (Eckfeldt).

* Var. Swartzoidea, Nyl.

Thallus pale ash-colored, opaque but differing in color from the
substrata, often becoming darker and more clearly distinct. Apo-
thecia well pronounced, mostly round or irregular, ^qqqt%o ^^'^^'
On tree barks. Southwest Harbor (Eckfeldt).

* For description of genus, see Tuck., Syn. N. A. Lichens, part i., 12.

272 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

* A. Hamamelidis, 'Ny\.

Thallus thiu, white, but darkening, very diffused. Apotliecia
irregularly shaped, stellate, ramose, plane or somewhat convex,
pale within. Sjiores 4-locular, qq^i I 'qq^ mic. Generally on smooth
barks of Hamamelis. Southwest Harbor (Eckfeldt) .

Tribe IV. CALICIACEI.

SPHiEROPHOREI.

SPH^ROPHORUS, Pers.* {Splicer ophoroii, Pers.)
S. globiferus (L.), DC. S. coralloides, Pers.

Thallus fruticulose, somewhat compressed or terete, with erect-
ish, minutely fibrillose, ramulose branches, from pale to chest-
nut brown. Apothecia black, globose, shining, terlninal with an
inflexed margin. Spores spherical, violet black, medullary layer
purple with potash reaction, ,009 X .011 mic. " Mt. Desert"
(Eckfeldt).

CALICIEI.

ACOLIUM, Fee.t
A. tigillare (Ach.), De Not.

Thallus yellow-green or more lemon-colored, granulose or
areolate throughout. Apothecia black, stout, erect, more or
less innate. Spores brown, ellipsoid to bilocular, "qq- "q^^ mic.
On old fence rails and boards. (Eckfeldt) ; — Seal Harbor
(Wilson).

CALICIUM, Pers. J

* C. subtile, Fries.

Thallus whitish or ash-colored, very thin, evanescent. Apo-
thecia very small, stipe delicate, short and black, capitula very
minute, somewhat globose, dark and depressed. Spores brown,
2-locular, ^gl'g mic. "Mt. Desert" (Eckfeldt).

* For description of genus, see Tuck., Syn. N. A. Lichens, part i., 13.
t For description of genus, see Ibid.
X For description of genus, see Ibid.

CATALOGUE OF PLANTS. 273

Tribe V. VERRUCARIACEI.

ENDOCARPEI

ENDOCARPON, Hedw.*

* E. miniatum (L.), Schaer.

Thallus ashy white and darkening, simple, coriaceous, peltate,
attached to the centre, the upper surface minutely granulose or
pulvinate. Apothecia very minute, abundant, and enclosed in
the thallus. Spores ellipsoid, simple, qooiI'oiq P^ic- On rocks;
rather common. Southwest Harbor (Eckfeldt).

* Var. complicatum, Schaer.

Thallus closely ca3spitosely conjoined, many growing together,
border of thallus raised and frequently darkening, erect, com-
plicate, often pruinose. Spores same as in type. On rocks.
(Eckfeldt.)

VERRUCARIEI.

VERRUCARIA, Pers.f

* V. rupestris, Schrad.

Thallus grayish white or very pale, and even brown, very thin
(becoming obsolete), tartareous and pulverulent. Apothecia
black, numerous, sub-immersed but very conspicuous, hemi-
spherical. Spores 8, hyaline, ellipsoid, oblong, simple, ~^'_ '^^
mic. On various rocks and stones. Southwest Harbor (Eckfeldt).

* V. nigrescens, Pers.

Thallus dark to a distinct black, rimulose, somewhat areolate,
thick and uneven, loosely disposed and friable, developing into
nodose elevations around the apothecia. Apothecia dull black,
very numerous, hemispherical. Spores oblong, simple, 'q^^ [ '^^
mic. On rocks and stones. Southwest Harbor (Eckfeldt).

*For description of genus, see Tuck., Syn. N. A. Lichens, part i., 14.
t For description of genus, see Ibid , 15.

18

274 FLORA OF MOUNT DESERT.

* V. bryophila, Lonnr.

Thallus whitish, encrusting certain mosses. Apothecia con-
nate. Spores muriform. On the coast. Southwest Harbor
(Eckfeldt).

PYRENULA, Ach.*^

* P. punctiformis (Ach. ), Naeg.

Thallus dark olivaceous, very thin, evanescent. Apothecia
black, polished, very minute, conoid. Spores linear oblong,
2-locular, "003^005 ^^^' ^^ ^^^^ barks and dead wood. (Eck-
feldt.)

* P. nitida, Ach.

Thallus pale yellow or olivaceous to brown, shining, smooth
with scattered minute white nodules. Apothecia large, black.
Spores "oogl oQg naic- On smooth tree barks. Southwest Harbor
(Eckfeldt).
P. thelaena, Ach.

Thallus uniform, mostly dark or fuscous. Apothecia small, in-
nate. Spores colored, ooyT^o ^^^' Southwest Harbor (Eckfeldt).

* P. lactea, Mass.

Thallus cream-colored, very thin, spread out over the surface
and limited. Apothecia black, minute, sessile, somewhat in-
nate, becoming hemispherical. Spores broadly fusiform, 5-7-
locular, St-5 ^^«- ^^^^ Harbor (Eckfeldt).

* P. gemmata (Ach.), Naeg.

Thallus white, thin, continuous, smooth or rimulose. Apo-
thecia black, large, prominent, roughish, hemispherical. Spores
broadly oblong, 2-locular, oos'^oP ™^^* ^^ trees. Southwest
Harbor (Eckfeldt).

*For description of genus, see Tuck., Syn. N. A. Lichens, part i., 15.

SUMMARY.

Genera. Species. Varieties

( Polypetalje . 104 203 9

Dicotyledones Angiospermeae I Gamopetalse . 98 198 16

( Apetalae . . 24 59 6

Dicotyledones Gymnospermeae 8 12 —

Monocotyledones 78 208 41

Pteridophyta 16 36 11

rMusci 41 166 56

ryop y a I jjgp^^j^gg 26 48 1

( Characeffi 1 2 —

Thallophyta j Algae 86 140 6

( Lichenes 45 214 59

Total 527 1286 204

{ Phanerogamia ; Flowering Plants 312 680 71
Total of <

I Cryptogamia; Flowerless Plants • 215 606 133

APPENDIX.

EXCLUDED SPECIES OF FLOWERING PLANTS,
FERNS, AND FERN ALLIES.

Clematis verticillaris, DC.

Ranunculus bulbosus, L.
Nymphaea odorata, Ait., var. minor,

Sims.
Stellaria borealis, Bigel., var. alpes-

tris (Fries), Gray.
Cerastium nutans, Raf.

Hypericum corymbosum, Muhl.

Malva VERTICILLATA, L.

Tilia INTERMEDIA, Hajne.
Linum humile. Mill.
Geranium maculatum, L.

Geum Virginianum, L.

Crataegus tomentosa, L.

Ribes NIGRUM, L.

Epilobium alpinum, Gray, Man.
5th ed.

Tunk Mt.,— on mainland (F. M. Day) ;

beyond our limits.
Northeast Harbor (Dunbar) ; doubtful.
Mountain Pond ; more correctly to be

referred to the type.
Bear Island (Redfield) ;= type.

(F. M. Day). The specimen is C. vul-

gatum, L.
Roadside between Somesville and
Southwest Harbor (Dunbar) ; never
verified.
Waste ground. Long Pond (Rand);

not persistent, only casual.
Somesville (Redfield) ; only in culti-
vation.
Southwest Harbor (Rand). The speci-
men is L. tisitatissimiim, L.
Several times reported, but never veri-
fied. Probably confused with G.
Carolinianum, L.
In fruit; Somesville (Rand). Flow-
ering specimens from same station
show this to be G. striatum, Ait.
Reported by various collectors, but is
undoubtedly C. coccinea, L. var.
macrncantha (Lodd.), Dudley.
Somesville (R. & R.). The specimens

are R.Jloridum, L'He'r.
Newport Mt. (F. M. Day); never
verified.

278

Angelica atropurpurea, L.

Cryptotaenia Canadensis, DC.

APPENDIX.

Little Cranberry Isle (Wakefield) ;

never verified.
Southwest Harbor (Wakefield) ; never
verified.
Conium maculatum, L. Never verified.

Solidago humilis, Pursh., var. micro- Frenchman Camp road (Redfield) ;
cephala, Porter. only a pecular form of 5. nemoralis,

Ait. (BuU. Torr. Bot. Club., xx. 210.)
Solidago puberula, Nutt., var. monti- This is S. Virgaurea, L., var. monticola,

Porter. (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xx.
209.)
Roadside between Seal Cove and Nor-
wood Cove (Wakefield) ; never veri-
fied. Probably S. Virgaurea, L., var.
Randii, Porter.
Several times reported, but never

verified.
This is S. puberula, Nutt., /orma.

cola, Porter.
Solidago speciosa, Nutt.

Solidago odora, Ait.

Solidago juncea. Ait., var. ramosa,

Porter & Britt.
Solidago rupestris, Raf.

Callistephus Chinensis, DC.

Aster Herveyi, Gray.

Erigeron annuus (L.), Pers.
Seneeio Cineraria, DC.

Cnicus pumilus (Nutt.), Torr.
Lampsana communis, L.
Frenanthes alba, L.

Vaccinium vacillans, Solander.

AnagaUis arvensis, L.
Fraxinus pubescens. Lam.

Convolvulus ARVENSIS, L.

This is S. Canadensis, L., var. glabrata,

Porter.
A garden escape. Southwest Harbor;

not persistent.
Near Bubble Pond (Redfield). This

is undoubtedly a small form of

A. macrophjllus, L.
Roadside near Fernald Point (Wake-
field) ; never verified.
Shore, Mt. Desert Narrows (R. & R.).

The specimens are Artemisia Stel-

leriana, Bess.
Cranberry Isles ( Harriet A. Hill) ;

never verified.
Sutton Island (Wakefield); never

verified.
Often reported, but never verified

All specimens examined are P. ser-

pentaria, Pursh.
Northeast Harbor; Hulls Cove (Cur-
tis). This is doubtless V. Canadense,

Kalm.
Hulls Cove (Annie S. Downs) ; never

verified
Never verified.
Schooner Head (F. M. Day) ; never

verified.

APPENDIX.

279

Limosella aqnatica, L., var. tenoi-

foUa (Nutt.), Hoffm.
Veronica longifolia, L.

Euphrasia officinalis, L., var. Ta-

tarica, Benth.
Utricularia biflora, Lara.

Mentha Canadensis, L., var. glabrata,

Benth.
Flantago major, L., var. minima,

(DC), Decsne.

Atriplex arenaria, Nutt.
Polygonum erectum, L.
Polygonum maritimum, L.

Polygonum hydropiperoides, Mx.

Polygonum arifolium, L.

Polygonum dumetorum, L., var.

scandens, Gray.
Humulus Lupulus, L.

TTrtica dioica, L.

Alnus serrulata, Willd.

Quercus coccinea, Wang.
Pinus Banksiana, Lamb.

Juniperus communis, L., var. alpina,

Gaud.
Liparis liliifolia (L.), Richard.

Aplectrum hiemale, Nntt.

Shore, Mt. Desert Narrows (F. M.
Day) ; never verified.

Sea Wall road, Southwest Harbor
(Rand). A garden escape; not
persistent.

Sea Wall (Rand). This is some other
form of the protean type.

Somes Pond (Rand). The specimen
is U. gibba, L. See note ante, under
that species.

Somesville (Rand). The specimens
are M. arvensis, Ti., forma.

Near Little Harbor; Great Head (Red-
field). Specimens prove to be some
other form of the type.

Sea Wall (H. C. Jones) ; — Somes
Sound (Redfield) ; never verified.

Beach, Wasgatt Cove (Lane) ; never
verified, — doubtless P. Ran, Bab.

Reported from various stations (Eliza-
beth G. Britton, and others). Speci-
mens are P. Rail, Bab.

Little Cranberry Isle (Rand); — Seal
Harbor (Redfield) ; too doubtful, —
never verified.

Bar Harbor (F. M. Day) ; too doubt-
ful, — never verified.

Reported by various collectors, but all
specimens are P. Convolmlus, L.

Seal Harbor (Redfield) ; — Bar Harbor
(W, H. Manning) ; introduced ;
hardly an escape.

Sea Wall (H. C. Jones) ; never veri-
fied, — doubtless U. gracilis. Ait.

Near Hadlock Upper Pond (Rand) ;
too doubtful, — never verified.

All specimens are Q. rubra, L.

Only on and about Schoodic Peninsula
(F. M. Day, Rand, Redfield) ; beyond
our limits.

Mt. Desert forms so far as seen are
rather to be referred to the type.

Accredited to Mt. Desert in Baldwin's
"Orchids of New England," but
never verified.

Reported from near Bar Harbor, 1882
(F. M. Day), but never verified.

280

APPENDIX.

Spiranthes latifolia, Torr.

Orchis spectabilis, L.
Habenaria psy codes (L.), Gray.

Iris prismatica, Piirsh.
Sisyrinchium anceps, Cav.

Uvularia perfoliata, L.
Trillium erectum, L.
Xyris flexaosa, Muhl.

Xyris Caroliniana, Walt.

Luzula spicata, Desv.

Carex pubescens, Muhl.

Carex adusta, Boott, var. glomerata,

Bailey.
Muhlenbergia sylvatica, T. & G.

Avena s.vtiva, L.
Poa alsodes, Gray.

Puccinellia distans (Wahl.), Pari.

Agropyrum dasystachyum (Gray),
Vasey.

Adiantum pedatum, L.
Woodwardia Virginica, Smith.

Cystopteris bulbifera, Bernh.

Near Bass Harbor (W. H. Dunbar) ;

never verified, — doubtless S. Ro-

manzoffiana, Cham.
Southwest Harbor (H. M. Pratt) , never

verified.
No station (W. H. Dunbar) ; never

verified, but doubtless a small form

of Il.Jimbriata (Ait.), R. Br.
Great Cranberry Isle (W. H. Dunbar) ;

never verified.
"Mt. Desert" (F. M. Day). The

specimen is apparently an immature

plant of S. angustifolium, Mill.
Salisbury Cove (Rand) ; never verified,

— doubtless an error.
Green Mt. Gorge (F. M. Day) ; never

verified.
Hadlock Lower Pond (W. H. Dunbar) ;

never verified, — doubtless only var.

pusilla, Gray, which has been found

at the same station.
Breakneck Ponds (R. H. Day); = X

Jlextiosa, Muhl., var. jmsilla, Gray.
Northeast Harbor (Greenleaf) ; never

verified.
"Mt. Desert" (F. M. Day). The

specimen is C. communis, Bailey.
Northeast Harbor (Greenleaf). This

is C.fcenea, Willd.
Northeast Harbor (Greenleaf). The

specimen is 31. glomerata, Trin.
Occasionally appearing ; not persistent.
Little Oanberry Isle ( Lane) ; — North-
east Harbor (Greenleaf). The speci-
mens are P. serotina, Ehrh.
Northeast Harbor (Greenleaf) ; = P.

maritima (Wahl), Pari., var, C)

minor, Wats.
No station (Greenleaf); never verified.

Doubtless a form of A. repens (L.),

Beauv.
Often reported, but never verified.
Banks of Hadlock Brook (Wakefield) ;

never verified.
Sargent Mt. Gorge (Rand) ; an error.

INDEX.

GENERA AND COMMON NAMES.

[Synonyms in Italics.]

Abies

149

Arbor-VitfB

150

Bearberry

125

Acer

89

Arbutus, Trailing

126

Bedstraw

108

Achillea

118

Arctium

120

Beech

145

Acolium

272

Arctostaphylos

125

Beechdrops

134

Acorus

IGO

Arenarift

83

Beggar Ticks

118

Actaea

76

Arethusa

152

Belltlower

124

Adder's Mouth

150

Arissma

159

Bellwort

156

Adder's Tongue

188

Anioseris

120

Berberis

77

Adiantum

280

Arrowhead

IGO

Betula

144

Agarum

23G

Arrow-wood

107

Biatora

268

Agrimonia

97

Artemisia

119

Bidens

118

Agrimony

97

Arthonia

271

Bindweed

131

Agropyrum

182, 280

Arum, Water

160

Black

142

Agrostis

177

Ascocyclus

240

Birch

144

Ahnfeldtia

232

Ascophyllum

235

Bittersweet

131

Alaria

236

Ash

129

Blackberry

94

Alder

114

Mountain

98

Black-eyed Susan

117

Black

88

Asparagus

155

Bladderwort

134

White

127

Aspen

147

Blepharostoma

221

Alectoria

253

Asperococcus

239

Blinks

85

Alnus

144, 279

Aspidium

185

Blite, Sea

140

Alopecurus

177

Asplenium

184

Bluebell

124

Alsike

91

Aster

113, 278

Blueberry

124

Amaranth

139

Aslrophyllmn

208

Bluebottle

120

Amarantus

139

Atrichum

209

Blue Joint

178

Ambrosia

117

Atriplex

140, 279

Bluets

108

Amelanchier

99

Atropis

181

Boneset

109

Ampelopsis

89

Aulacomnium

209

Botrychium

187

Ampliicarpasa

93

Avena

280

Brachyelytrum

176

Amphoridium

205

Avens

95

Brake

184

Anagallis

278

Azalea

126

Brasenia

77

Anaphalia

117

Brassica

79

Andreaea

199

Bachelor's Button

120

Brier, Sweet

97

Andromeda

126

B:eomyces

267

Bromus

182

Anemone

75

Baked Apple Berry

94

Broom-rape

134

Star

128

Balm of Gilead

148

Brunella

137

Aneura

225

Balsam

88

Bryum

207

Angelica

278

Balsam Apple, Wild

103

Buckbean

130

Antennaria

117

Baneberry

76

Buckwheat

142

Anthemis

118

Bangia

234

Buda

84

Anthoxanthum

176

Barbarea

79

Buellia

269

Antithamnion

230

Barberry

77

Bugleweed

136

Aphyllon

134

Barbula

204

Bugloss

130

Aplectrum

279

Barley

183

Bulbocoleon

244

Apocynum

129

Barton ia

130

Bunchberry

lOG

Apple

98

Bartramia

207

Burdock

120

Apple of Peru

131

Batrachospermum

233

Bur Marigold

118

Aqiiilegia

76

Bayberry

143

Bur-reed

159

Aralia

lOG

Bazzania

220

Butter-and-Egg3

132

282

INDEX.

Buttercup

75

Cleavers

109

Dicksonia

186

Butterweed

116

Clematis

75, 277

Dicranella

200

Clethra

127

Dicrauum

201

Cabbage, Skunk

160

Climacium

213

Dictyosiphon

239

Cakile

80

Clintonia

156

Diervilla

108

Calamagrostis

178

Clover

90

Diphyscium

211

Calicium

272

Club-moss

188

Diplophyllum

222

Calla

160

Cnicus

120, 278

DUrichum

204

Calla Lily, Wild

ItiO

Cockle

82

Dock

140

Callistephus

278

Codiolum

242

Dodder

131

Callithamuion

230

Coelopleurum

105

Dogbane

129

Callitriche

101

Collema

260

Dogwood

106

Calopogoa

152

Coltsfoot, Sweet

119

Doorweed

141

Calothrix

240

Columbine

76

Drosera

100

Campanula

124

Comptonia

143

Dulichium

162

Campion

82

Cone Flower

117

Dulse

232

White

82

Conferva

244

Dusty Miller, False

119

Capsella

79

Conioselinum

104

Capsosiphon

245

Conium

278

Eehinocystis

103

Caraway

105

Conocephalus

226

Eotocarpus

240

Cardamine

78

Conotrema

264

Elachistea

238

Cardinal Flower

123

Convolvulus

131, 278

Elatine

86

Carex

165, 280

Coptis

76

Elder

107

Carpet Weed

104

Coral-root

151

Eleocharis

162

Carrot

104

Corallina

228

Elm

143

Carum

105

Corallorhiza

151

Elodes

87

Cassandra

126

Corema

148

Elymus

183

Castagnea

238

Cornel

106

Empetrum

148

Catchfly

82

Cornus

106

Endocarpon

273

Calharinea

209

Corydalis

77

Enteromorpha

245

Catnip

137

Corylus

144

Entodon

212

Cedar, White

150

Cow Herb

82

Epigaea

126

Centaurea

120

Cow-lily

77

Epilobium

102, 277

Cephalozia

221

Cranberry

124

Epiphegus

134

Ceramium

230

Mountain

125

Equisetum

184

Cerastium

84,277

Cratfegus

98, 277

Erechtites

120

Ceratodon

203

Cress, Bitter

78

Erigeron

116, 278

Cetraria

251

Marsh

79

Eriocaulon

162

Ch?etomorpha

243

Water

79

Eriophorum

164

Chamomile

118

Winter

79

Erythronium

156

Chantransia

233

Crowberry

148

Eupatorium

109

Charlock

79

Broom

148

Euphorbia

142

Jointed

80

Crowfoot

75

Euphrasia

133, 279

Checkerberry

126

Cryptotaenia

278

Euthora

232

Cheeses

87

Cucumber-root, Indian 156

Everlasting

117

Chelone

132

Cudweed

117

Pearly

117

Chenopodium

140

Currant

99

Sweet

117

Cherry

93

Cuscuta

131

Evernia

252

Chickweed

83

Cynodontium

200

Eyebright

133

Field

84

Cypripedium

153

Indian

104

Cystoclonium

232

Fagopyrum

142

Mouse-ear

84

Cystopteris

186, 280

Fagus

145

Chicory

121

Fern, Beech

185

Chiloscyphus

223

Dactylis

179

Bladder

186

Chimaphila

127

Daisy, Ox-eye

119

Christmas

186

Chiogenes

125

Yellow

117

Cinnamon

187

Chokeberry

98

Dalibarda

95

Flowering

187

Chondrus

232

Dandelion

122

Lady

184

Chorda

237

Fall

121

Sensitive

186

Chordaria

237

Danthonia

179

Shield

185

Choreocolax

233

Daucus

104

Sweet

143

Christmas Green,

Trailing 189

Deoodon

102

Festuca

181

Chroococcus

249

Delesseria

231

Fir

149

Chrysanthemum

119

Dermocarpa

249

Fireweed

102, 120

Clirysosplenium

99

Deschampsia

178

Fissidens

203

Cichorium

121

Desmarestia

238

Five-finger

96

Cicuta

105

Desmodium

92

Flag, Blue

154

Cinna

178

Desmotrichura

239

Cat-tail

159

Cinquefoil

90

Devil's Apron

236

Sweet

160

Circaea

103

Devil's Pitchfork

118

Flax

87

Cladium

165

Dewberry

95

Toad

132

Cladonia

265

Dianthus

82

Fleabane

116

Cladophora

242

Dichelyma

211

Daisy

116

INDEX.

283

Floating Heart

130

Grass, Witch
Wood Reed

182

Juniper

150

Fontinalis

211

178

Juniperus

150, 279

Fossombronia

225

Yellow-eyed

157

Fragaria

9G

Graveyard Flower

142

Kalmia

126

Fraxinus

129, 278

Griramia

204

Kautia

222

Frullania

220

Groundsel

119

Knotweed

141

Fucus

235

Gyalecta

2G4

Fumaria

78

Labrador Tea

127

Fumitory

78

Habenaria

153, 280

Lactuca

122

Funaria

206

Hackmatack

149

Ladies' Delight

81

Halosaccion

235

Ladies' Tresses

151

Gale, Sweet

143

Hamamelis

101

Lady's Slipper

153

Galeopsis

138

Hardback

94

Lady's Thumb

142

Galium

108

Harebell

124

Lambkin

126

Gaultheria

126

Hawkweed

121

Laminaria

236

Gaylussacia

124

Hawthorn

98

Lampsana

273

Geocalyx

223

Hazel-nut

144

Larch

149

Georgia

200

Hazel, Witch

101

Larix

149

Geranium

88, 277

Heart's-ease

81

Lathyrus

93

Germander

135

Hedeoma

137

Laurel, American

126

Geum

95, 277

Hedwigia

205

Pale

126

Gigartina

232

Helianthus

118

Slieep

126

Gill-over-the-Groun<3

137

Hemerocallis

154

Lavender, Sea

128

Glaux

129

Hemlock

149

Leather-leaf

126

Gloeocapsa

249

Ground

150

Leathesia

238

GliEosiphonia

229

Water

105

Lecanora

262

Glyceria

180

Heppia

259

Lechea

80

Guaphalium

117

Heracleum

104

Lecidea

269

Gold Buttons

119

Herb Robert

88

Ledum

127

Golden Rod

109

Heterothecium

269

Leersia

175

Goldthread

7G

Hieracium

121

Lemanea

234

Gomontia

242

Hierochloe

176

Leontodon

121

Goodyera

152

Hildenbrandtia

235

Leonurus

138

Gooseberry

99

Hippuris

101

Lepidium

80

Graphis

270

Hobble Bush

107

Lepidozia

221

Grass, Arrow

161

Holly

88

Leptobryum

207

Barn-yard

175

Mountain

89

Leptogium

261

Bent

177

Honeysuckle

108

Leptotrichum

204

Black

158

Bush

108

Leskea

212

Blue-eyed

154

Fly

108

Lettuce

122

Bristly Foxtail

175

Hop Clover

91

Sea

246

Brome

182

Hordeum

183

Leucobryum

203

Cat's-tail

177

Horehound, Water

136

Leucodon

212

Cotton

164

Horseradish

79

Ligusticum

105

Cut

175

Horsetail

184

Lilac

129

Ditch

162

Horseweed

116

Lilium

156

Drop-seed

176, 177

Houstonia

108

Lily

156

Eel

162

Huckleberry

124

Day

154

Feather

176

Hudsonia

80

Lily of the Valley,

Wild 156

Fescue

181

Humulus

279

Limnanthemum

130

Foxtail

175, 177

Hydrocotyle

105

Limosella

279

Hair

178

Hyella

249

Linaria

132

Herd's

177

Hypericum

86, 277

Linnaea

107

Kentucky Blue

179

Hypnum

213

Linum

87, 277

Lyme

183

Liparis

150, 279

Manna

180

Hex

88

Listera

151

Marsh

174

Ilysanthes

132

Lithophyllum

228

Meadow

179

Impatiens

88

Lithothamnion

228

Mist

177

Indian Cucumber-root 156

Live-forever

100

Orange

87

Indian Pipe

128

Liverworts

219, 226

Orchard

179

Innocents

108

Lobelia

123

Panic

174

Iris

154, 280

Locust-tree

92

Quitch

182

Isoetes

189

Lonicera

108

Rattlesnake

180

Ivy, Ground

137

Loosestrife

128

Reed Bent

178

Poison

90

False

102

Salt Rush

174

Swamp

102

Sea Spear

181

Jack-in-the-Pulpit

159

Lophocolea

223

Spear

179

Jewel Weed

88

Lousewort

134

Squirrel-tail

183

Job's Tears

180

Lovage

105

Sweet

176

Joe-Pye Weed

109

Ludwigia

102

Sweet Vernal

176

Jubula

220

Lungwort

130

Wild Oat

179

Juncus

157

Sea

130

Wire

179

Jungermaunia

223

Luzula

158, 280

284

INDEX.

Lychnis

82

Lycopodium

188

Lycopsis

130

Lycopus

136

LjTigbya

247

Lysimacbja

128

Madotheca

220

Maianthemum

155

Mallow

87

Malva

87, 277

Maple

89

Marchantia

226

Mare's Tail

101

Marsupella

225

Mastigobryum

220

Mastigocoleus

247

Mayflower

126

Mayweed

118

Meadow Beauty

102

Meadow Rue

75

Meadow Sweet

94

Medeola

156

Medicago

92

Medick

92

Melampyrum

134

Melilotus

91

Melilot

91

Melobesia

229

Mentha

136, 279

Menyanthes

130

Mermaid Weed

101

Mertensia

130

Microcoleus

247

Microstylis

150

Milfoil, Water

101

Milkwort

90

Saa

129

WUst

175

Mint

13G

Mitchella

108

Mitella

99

Mitre wort

99

Mnium

208

Mollugo

104

Moneses

127

Monostroma

246

Monotropa

128

Montia

85

Moonwort

187

Morning Glory, Wild

131

Moss, Club

188

Irish

232

Peat

191

Mosses, Scale

220

Motherwort

138

Mouse-ears

117

Mugwort

119

Muhleubergia

176, 280

Mullein

131

Mustard, Black

79

Hedge

79

Mylia

223

Myrica

143

Myrionema

238

Myriophyllum

101

Myurella

212

Xabnlus

122

Naiad

162

Naias

162

Nardia

225

Nasturtium

79

Neckera

Nemalion

Nemopanthes

Nepeta

Nephroma

Nettle

Hedge

Hemp
Nicandra
Nightshade

Enchanter's
NiteUa
Nuphar
Nymphaea 7'

Oak

Oakesia

(Enothera

Omphalaria

Oncophorus

Onoclea

Opegrapha

Opliioglossum

Orache

Orchis

Purple-fringed
Orpine

Orthotrichum
Oryzopsis
Oscillatoria
Osmunda
Oxalis

Pallavicinia

Panicularia

Panicum

Pannaria

Pansy

Parietaria

Parmelia

Parsley, Hemlock

Parsnip

Cow

Water
Partridge Berry
Pastinaca
Pea, Beach

Everlasting

Field

Marsh
Peanut, Hog
Pearlwort
Pear, Sugar
Pedicularis
Pellia
Pellitory
Peltigera

Pennyroyal, American
Pennywort, Water
Pepperbush, Sweet
Peppergrass
Pepper, Water
Pertusaria
Petasites
Petrocelis
Peyssonnelia
Phegopteris
Plulonotis
Phleum
Phormidium
Phyllitis
I Physcia

212

233

89

137

258

Picea

Pickerel-weed

Pigweed

Amaranth
Pilophorus

143 Pimpernel, False

138
138
131
131
103
227
77
,277

144

156
103
260
200
186
270
188
140
280
153
100
206
176
248
187

225

180

174

260

81

143

254

104

104

104

105

108

104

93

93

93

93

93

84

99

134

Pine

Ground

Piuesap

Pine Weed

Pink

Swamp

Pinus

Pinweed

Pipe, Indian

Pipewort

Pipsissewa

Pitcher-plant

Placodiiun

Plagiochila

Plautago

Plantain

Rattlesnake

Platygyrium

Plumaria

Poa

Pogonatum

Pogonia

Pohiia

Polj'cystis

Polygala

Polygonatum

Polygonum

Polyides

Polypodium

Polypody

Polysiphonia

Polytrichum

Pond-lily, Yellow

Pondweed

Pontederia

Poplar

Populus

Porella

Porphyra

Portulaca

Potamogeton

Potentilla

Prenanthes

Primrose, Evening

Prince's Pine

Proserpinaca

Protococcus

Prunus

Pteris
225 I Ptilidium
143 j Ptilota
259 I Puccinellia
137 I Punctaria
105 I Purslane
127 Water

80 Pursley
142 Pylaiella
264 Pylaisia

119
229
229
185
207
177
248
239
256

Pyrenula
Pyrola

One-flowered
Pyrus
Pyxine

Quaker Ladies

Quercus

Quillwort

149
157
140
137
265
132
149
188
128

87

82

152

149, 279

80
128
162
127

77
261
223
138, 279
138
152
212
230
179, 280
209
152
207
249

90
155
141, 279
229
184
184
231
210

77
161
157
147
147
220
234

85
161

96
122, 278
103
127
101
241

93
184
220
230
181, 280
239

85
102

85
241
212
274
127
127

98
257

108

144, 279

189

INDEX.

285

Racomitrium

204

Scutellaria

137

Stlcta

258

Radish

80

Scytosiphon

239

Stigonema

247

Ragweed

117

Sedge

165

Stipa

176

Ragwort, Golden

119

Sedum

100

St. John's-wort

86

Ralfsia

237

Selaginella

189

Marsh

87

Ramalina

250

Self-heal

137

Stonecrop

100

Ranvinculus

75, 277

Senecio

119, 278

Strawberry

96

Raphauus

80

Setaria

175

Streptopus

155

Raspberry

94

Shadbush

99

Su*da

140

Rattlesnake-root

122

Shepherd's Purse

79

Succory, Lamb's

120

Rattle, Yellow

133

Shinleaf

127

Sumach

90

Red-top

178

Side-saddle Flower

77

Sundew

100

False

179

Silene

82

Sunflower

118

Rnexla

102

Silver Weed

96

Sweet Brier

97

Rhinanthus

133

Sisymbrium

79

Sweet Gale

143

Rluzoclouium

243

Sisyrinchium

154, 280

Symplocarpus

160

Rhodochorton

230

Sium

105

Syringa

129

Rhododendron

126

Skullcap

137

Rhodomela

231

Smilaciua

155

Tamarack

149

Rhodora

126

Snails

92

Tanacetum

119

Rhodymenia

232

Snake-head

132

Tansy

119

Rhus

90

Sualieroot, Black

106

Taraxacum

122

Rhynchospora

105

Sueezewort

118

Tare

92

Ribes

99, 277

Snowberry, Creeping

125

Taxus

150

Ribgrass

138

Solanum

131

Tear-thumb

142

Rice, Mountain

170

Solidago

109, 278

Tetranema

244

Rinodiua

203

Solomon's Seal

155

Tetraphis

206

Rlvularia

247

Dwarf

155

Teucrium

135

Robinia

92

False

155

Thalictrum

75

Rocket, Sea

80

Solorina

259

Theloschistes

254

Yellow

79

Sonchus

123

Thelotrema

264

Rockweed

235

Sorrel

140

Thistle

120

Rosa

97

Field

141

Sow

123

Rose

97

Wood

88

Star

120

Rose-bay

126

Sparganium

159

Thorn

98

Rosemary, Marsh

128

Spartina

174

Thoroughwort

109

Roseroot

100

Spatter Dock

77

Thuja

150

Rubus

94

Spearmint

136

Thyme

136

Rudbeckia

117

Spearwort, Creeping

76

Thymus

136

Rumex

140

Specularia

123

Tick Trefoil

92

Ruppia

162

Speedwell

132

Tilia

277

Rush

157

Spergula

85

Timothy

177

Beak

165

Spergularia

84

Toad Flax

132

Club

163

Sphacelaria

240

Tobacco, Indian

123

Scouring

184

Sphcenosiphon

249

Ladies'

117

Spike

162

Sphcerocephalus

209

Touch-me-not, Spotted

88

Twig

165

Sphcerophoron

272

Trefoil

90

Wood

158

Sphserophorus

272

Tick

92

Rye, Wild

183

Sphagnum

191

Trematodon

200

Spikenard

106

Trentepohlia

233

Saccorhiza

236

False

155

Trichocolea

220

Sage, Wood

135

Spinach

139

Trientalis

128

Sagina

84

Spinacia

139

Trifolium

90

Sagittaria

160

Spiraea

94

Triglochin

161

Salicornia

140

Spiranthes

151, 280

Trillium 156

,280

Salix

145

Spirogyra

241

Trisetum

179

Sal sola

140

Spirulma

248

Triticum

182

Saltwort

140

Splachnum

206

Tsuga

149

Sambucus

107

Spleenwort

184

Tumbleweed

139

Samphire

140

Sporobolus

177

Tuomeya

234

Sandwort

83

Spruce

149

Turnip

79

Sanicula

106

Spurge

142

Indian

159

Saponaria

82

Spurrey

85

Turtle-head

132

Sarracenia

77

Com

85

Tway-blade 150

,151

Sarsaparilla, Wild

106

Sand

84

Twin Flower

107

Satureia

13G

Stachys

138

Twisted Stalk

155

Savory

136

Star-fiower

128

Typha

159

Saxifraga

99

Starwort

83

Saxifrage

99

Water

101

TJlmns

143

Golden

99

Statice

128

Ulota

205

Scapania

222

Sleetzia

225

Ulothrix

244

Sclieuchzeria

161

Stellaria

83, 277

Ulva

246

Scirpus

163

Stereocaulon

265

Umbilicaria

257

286

INDEX.

Prceolaria

264

Virginian Creeper

89

Wintergreen, Creeping

126

Urtica

143, 279

Virgin's Bower

75

Witch Hazel

101

Usnea

252

Withe-rod

107

Utricularia

134,279

Wake Robin

156

Woodbine

89

Uvularia

156, 280

Water-lily

77

Woodsia

186

Water Shield

77

Woodwardia

280

Vaccinium

124, 278

Waterwort

86

Wormwood

119

Vaucheria

241

Webera

207

Woundwort

138

Venus's Lookir

g-glass 123

Webera

211

V'erbascum

Veronica

Verrucaria

131

132, 279

273

Weissia
Wheat, Cow
False

205
134

182

Xylographa

Xyris 157

270

,280

Vetch

92

White-weed

119

Viburnum

107

WiUow

145

Tarrow

118

Vicia

92

WUlow Herb

102

Yellow Rattle

133

Viola

80

Wind-flower

75

Yew

150

Violet

80

Wintergreen

127

Dog-tooth

156

Aromatic

126

Zostera

162

New York Botanical Garden Librar

3 5185 00252 0656

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